Mathews Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Mathews Corporation - Case Study Example One more labels it produces shields electronic devices by dispersing their temperature or static. A number of labels work in temperatures colder than 50 below zero, others burn or produce sounds in the dark, cover themselves, or still stick to oily or greasy products. So this is the little introduction regarding the company business and production. The key function carry out by company is to run 30 business units and manufacture and distributes its labels from 35 locations in 15 countries on five continents around the world. There are a lot of countries where this company supplies its products. The basic function of the company is to produce the high-performance labels and related industrial safety products. In this system Mathew Corporation takes the order both in the manual and electronic (internet) methods. Then there is prices discussion and dealing on the specific produced. All these functions are functioning good but not efficiently. There is need of total automation of the whole order processing, information management, and strategic decision making system. The domestic market is in a mature stage, while the international market is in the rapid-growth stage. The signs, labels and safe product industry's curve is flatter, showing slow in growth and can be considered to be in the stage of expansion. The signs, labels and safe product industry's sales is expanding and continuously gaining profit from their cash cow products. In this life cycle of the industry, there are some late entrants and are trying to put all efforts to have a share in the market. The leading company in the industry like Mathew's Corporation is separating their product from other lower-cost offering in order to increase volume of sales and gain profits. What are the key processes At present the company is running many processes like order processing, online information management, and new production catalog management. There are 19 separate databases; each comprises its own file servers and transaction software. And these systems could not communicate with each other. Every database unit had its own sales tracking system, reasoning misunderstanding among Matthews' employees and customers. These systems are developed to handle company's different type of product and management system. What are some of the competitive forces at work Being conscious of the activities of the competitors of Mathews Corporation will analyze the possible opportunities of every ventures of their company through differentiating their products and services against their rivals, considering the aspects that indirectly

International and Intercultural Communication Essay Example for Free

International and Intercultural Communication Essay International and Intercultural Communications have been of great interest to the Hofstede Centre for many years. In fact Geert Hofstede’s dimensions of culture have been the most widely disseminated of all theories. Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions are, â€Å"1) Power Distance, 2) Individualism or Collectivism, 3) Masculinity-Femininity, 4) Uncertainty Avoidance, and 5) Short or Long Term Orientation.† (Donald Baack, 2012, Chapter 2.4). â€Å"Professor Geert Hofstede conducted one of the most comprehensive studies of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture. He analyzed a large database of employee value scores collected within IBM between 1967 and 1973. The data covered more than 70 countries, from which Hofstede first used the 40 countries with the largest groups of respondents and afterwards extended the analysis to 50 countries and 3 regions.† (The Hofstede Center, n.d.). In the next few pages I will compare the similarities and differences in scores between the countries of Croatia and Slovenia in relation to Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions as well as provide a scenario involving two organizations, one located in each country and their business practices relating to the different cultural perspectives. In the dimension of Power-Distance Croatia scores high with a score of 73 which means the people accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no further justification. In this type of society people expect to be told what to do and this is accepted as the norm. (Hofstede Centre, n.d.). Slovenia also scored high in the dimension of Power-Distance with a score of 71. What this displays is two of the former eastern European countries, are very similar in their societal beliefs in hierarchal order and the populace was still routed in a culture where subordinates do as they are told by the boss and the boss is an aut ocrat in the bigger sense. In the second of the  five cultural dimensions Individualism or Collectivism, Croatia scored 33 which are considered a collectivistic society. â€Å"This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group, be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. In collectivist societies offence leads to shame and loss of face, employer/employee relationships are perceived in moral terms (like a family link); hiring and promotion decisions take account of the employee’s in-group, management is the management of groups.† (The Hofstede Centre, n.d.). Slovenia, had a score of 27 is also considered a collectivistic society just like we saw in Croatia. Once again the two bordering countries are nearly identical in their collectivist societie s. Our third dimension of Masculinity-Femininity resulted in a score of 40. With this score they are considered a relatively feminine society. Feminine societies focus on the theory of work to live. In a feminine society it is also common for managers to seek consensus. Even with such a disparity in scores and Slovenia’s’ score of 19 on this dimension, they too are considered more of a feminine society. Like the culture of Croatia they work to live and the people value things like equality, solidarity and pleasure in their working lives. â€Å"Conflicts are resolved by compromise and negotiation. Incentives such as free time and flexibility are favored. Focus is on well-being, status is not shown.† (The Hofstede Centre, n.d.). The fourth dimension of Uncertainty Avoidance resulted in a score of 80 signifying a very high preference for avoiding uncertainty. As stated in the Hofstede report, â€Å"Countries exhibiting high uncertainty avoidance maintain rigid codes o f belief and behavior and are intolerant of unorthodox behavior and ideas. In these cultures there is an emotional need for rules (even if the rules never seem to work) time is money, people have an inner urge to be busy and work hard, precision and punctuality are the norm, innovation may be resisted, security is an important element in individual motivation.† (The Hofstede Centre, n.d.). Slovenia also scored quite high with an 88 signifying they too choose to avoid uncertainty and need rules regardless of the effectiveness of them. Our final dimension is the dimension of Short or Long Term Orientation. In the comparison statistics this is referred to as  pragmatism and indulgence. Croatia achieved scores of 58 and 33 respectively. These figures indicate that the Croatian society believe truth is dependent on situations, context of what is said and the time. â€Å"They show an ability to adapt traditions easily to changed conditions, a strong propensity to save and invest thriftiness, and perseverance in achieving results.† (The Hofstede Cen tre, n.d.). The 33 score received for indulgence is an indication of a restrained country. â€Å"Societies with a low score in this dimension have a tendency to cynicism and pessimism. Also, in contrast to indulgent societies, restrained societies do not put much emphasis on leisure time and control the gratification of their desires. People with this orientation have the perception that their actions are restrained by social norms and feel that indulging themselves is somewhat wrong.† (The Hofstede Centre, n.d.). Slovenia had scores of 49 in pragmatism and 48 in indulgence. These scores both result in no clear preference for one or the other. As I have demonstrated by comparing the results for these two countries, bordering countries can be quite similar in some aspects of International and Intercultural Communications but quite different in others. As an example if I opened a car repair business or franchise in these two countries and expected them to work together some of the things I could expect is, they both would struggle with working together since they both prefer autocratic leaders and operate under the concept of being told what to do. What this means to me is that regardless if I am physically there with them or providing communication from afar they will execute all actions to benefit the business in a positive manner. These societies rely on face and losing face through failure is not an option they accept easily. In contrast to this is they both enjoy the benefits of family time, strong ties to immediate and extended family (the organization), managers often seek consensus and conflict is resolved through compromise and negotiation. This later part about conflict resolution is because both societies are feministic in nature and as we all know, women are often times more level headed and less apt to fly off the hand le over little issues that can be resolved in an agreeable manner when thought out and discussed properly. This could be beneficial or difficult since us Americans believe in more time at work than time with family in today’s working environment. I believe this is an instance where I would need to adjust my work ethic in order to  gain more from these two countries in keeping with their societal beliefs and standards. From my perception of Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions is that two companies in these two countries of Croatia and Slovenia would work very well together and in fact complement one another nicely, leading to great success for the organization. What I have done in the past few pages is to demonstrate the similarities and differences in scores between the countries of Croatia and Slovenia in relation to Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions as well as provided you with the scenario involving two organizations, one located in each country and their business practices relating to the different cultural perspectives. I believe Hofstede’s five dimens ions were quite relevant when originally complied and are still quite relevant today. References Baack, D., Management Communication, 2012. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUBUS600.12.1 Mind Tools Ltd, 1996-2014. Retrieved from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htm The Hofstede Centre, National Cultural Dimensions, n.d. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html The Hofstede Centre, National Cultural Dimensions, n.d. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede.com/croatia.html

Euthanasia and Religion Essay -- Papers

Euthanasia and Religion Some people believe human life is to respect above all other forms of life whilst others believe that all life (both human and non-human species) is to be given equal respect and treated as 'sacred' (special). Most religions believe humans are special. For instance, they teach that we have a soul (a part of us that lives on after death), and that we have been given an opportunity to have a relationship with God. Some religions, such as Judaism and Christianity, also teach that humans have been created in 'God's image'. This means that humans have certain qualities and characteristics that God has (E.g. They can make things, they have the ability to reason things, they were created good). It is also believed that humans have been given a responsibility to look after the world God created. The following passages from the Bible illustrate the special nature of humans 'Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the ground. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them' (Genesis 1:26-27) '... What is man that you are mindful of him, the son of man that you care for him? You made him a little lower than the heavenly beings and crowned him with glory and honour. You made him ruler over the works of your hands; you put everything under his feet.' (Psalm 8:4-6) Christians also believe God values human life greatly as they believe Jesus came to die to heal the broken relatio... ...e had a pet that developed an incurable illness we would believe it cruel to keep it alive. To stop it suffering and not having a good life we would take it to the vet to have it 'put down'. Yet surely if humans are nothing more than 'cleaver apes' why not 'put humans down' when they develop incurable illnesses or when their quality of life deteriorates? Why do we hold human life special in that we want humans to be treated differently to the way we treat animals? Has evolutionary theory left us with a problem? On the one hand some people want to reject the idea that God exists, and is the creator of humanity, yet on the other hand they want to say that human are different to other 'animals'. Yet is it possible to reject God whilst retaining the view that human life is more valuable than the lives of other 'animals'?

Barangay Hall Information System Essay

Introduction Nowadays, it is very important to be one step ahead, to be able to cope up with the benefits of technology. Having a computerized system is a big use for the barangay halls for them to lessen the time for a certain operation that if done manually can consume so much time and effort. It can also decrease hassle in workplace and provide accurate and fast result that every barangay hall needs. The proponents have chosen information system entitled â€Å"Barangay Clearance Issuance System† for the distribution of barangay clearance as our target business, in hopes of providing better ways of monitoring records and transactions instead of having them done manually. San Jose’s barangay hall is one of the local government offices in San Miguel Bulacan. They were committed to serve and care the people for them to have a secured and a better way of living. In the nearly past it was only a residential infrastructure given by an old person (citizen of barangay San Jose). Then it w as founded as official barangay hall of San Jose up to date. Significance of the Study This study will help the selected barangay to have a more systematic and modern way of recording and searching records. This part of the study discusses about the importance of creating the system for the benefits of the following: For the Barangay Officials- it will lessen their paper works like manually adding and searching of records. For the Citizen- the system will serve as a primary source of documents for the people to save time and effort and to avoid a long queue. For the future barangay officials – It will reduce paper works in adding and searching of records in accordance to the proponents proposed system. Statement of the Problem The proponents came up with this study in the needs to lessen the manually adding and searching of records in the selected barangay hall. The general objective of this study is to lessen the manual system process of adding and searching of records. Specifically, this study aims to answer the following  question: What are the important features of the developed Barangay Clearance Issuance System? What operational requirements are needed by the system in terms of hardware requirements and software requirements? What process model shall be used in developing the Barangay Clearance Issuance System? How functional is the developed Barangay Clearance Issuance System in terms of the following software evaluation criteria; reliability, efficiency, accuracy, user friendliness; and security? Scope and Delimitation The proposed system will handle the adding, searching, viewing, and updating of the records in the selected barangay hall. A faster process of the said matters will be recognized until this system is implemented most importantly the system will store the data for the future use. The proposed system can perform such as: a) Maintenance of records in connection with the barangay clearance. b) Printing of the said document (barangay clearance). c) Printing of criminal records Concerning records that are not connected to the system is its limitations. The Figure 1 shows the capability of the admin and the end user into the system. Whereas the admin has the entire access to the system while the end user is capable of viewing and searching records only. Conceptual Framework The researchers aim to describe how the Information System can help in barangay hall. Consequently, this section describes the concept of the proposed information system to improve barangay hall and this starts with the citizen/complainant as an input. The Figure 2 shows the flow of the system and how it will work and to help the barangay to have a more systematic way of doing their work. Also it shows the input, process and output of the system throughout the whole procedure. Where the person or citizen will be ask by the secretary or the  user who is a legal officer of the barangay to know if he or she has a bad record. After that the secretary or the user will check the system’s list of records if the person has a clear or bad record in the barangay. If the person has a clear record, no violations committed, and no complaints from the citizens of barangay, the secretary or the user will release the barangay clearance. And if the person has a bad record the secretary or user will not release barangay clearance. In the other hand the complainant can request to file a criminal case to the secretary in the help of system. Definition of terms Database – a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways. Database Management – storage that handles the storage, retrieval, and updating of data in a computer system. Graphic User Interface – is a type of interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons. Hardware – the machines, wiring, and other physical components of a computer or other electronic system. Information System- an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, processing, and communicating information. Microsoft SQL Server – is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. Software – the programs and other operating information used by a computer. Systematic – done, acting according to a fixed plan or system; methodical. CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents related literature and writing of recognized experts, both of which have significant bearing or relation to the study. It also discusses the associated methods and researches that was read and reviewed which helped the researchers to have a better understanding and to find some important information that is connected with this study. In the process of system development, literature reviews conducted to theory, methods and technologies associated with systems that have been developed. Background research on the organization and comparative studies of existing systems were also done to understand more the requirements before the system was develop. Barangay Inventory System With our fast-paced developing society, many of our institutions optimize to perform their procedures in a computerized manner. They consider this as a great reliable process to lean on. They believe that this method will help them catch-up with this quick changing situations that they encounter each day. However, it is hard to imagine that many of us still stick to the manual method knowing that computerized system is just there waiting for them to take advantage of. There are several reasons that are forcing them to be stuck with to this traditional system. One of these is illiteracy; no one in this world is unable to understand and adapt to the computerized system if it will be properly introduced and taught. Another one is being doubtful with the system; they believe that manual system can perform less error than an automated system. But as the years goes by, a number of certain works have grown indicating that the manual method is not practical and efficient anymore. Nowadays, people have become more conscious with their time and they find essential ways on how they can do such work in less time or how they can do their number of works at the same time. This study aimed at developing a computerized system for a barangay that still practices a traditional way of creating a Barangay Clearance and management of database. We will do this by incorporating the technology of using camera and stylus pen for creating a Barangay Clearance. We will also use the computer to properly manage their files. By using our system, their barangay employees can have fast, more practical and efficient way of doing their tasks (HazelJane, 2012) Many people believe that manual method can perform less error than the automated one. But as years goes by, technology become more developed. Today, the computerized system is more applicable than the manual one because it can get a more accurate data and will lessen the time of work. Barangay Record System Barangay is the small administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village or district. Barangay are further subdivided into smaller areas called Puroks (English: Zone). A barangay is led and governed by its barangay officials. It is composed of a Punong Barangay or Barangay Captain/Chairman, seven (7) Barangay Councilors or  Barangay Kagawad and a SangguniaangKabataan Chairman. Together with this is the Barangay Secretary and a residing midwife or a doctor that manages and supervise the barangay health center. The barangay is in charge of keeping track of the records of resident in the place. These records are important for different purposes that the barangay is being used. The barangay has the manual based process for all the services it gives to its constituents. They manually handle files and information they get. For instances, in getting the barangay clearance, they issue a receipt form to the resident requesting the clearance. Same through with the storing of the files, they used folders to store the files. The organization experienced hard and long procedure in accessing the records they have when it is needed and the redundancy of the records were not strictly observed. The proponents proposed a computerized barangay information system that will help the barangay as well as the workers and the people of the place. The proposed system will reduced the hard and long-time procedure of accessing files and records they keep and store. The system will also be the census like system of the barangay for all of its constituents and new people to live in the place. The system will be effective in maintaining, searching and storing of records of all resident in the barangay. This will help the worker for having an easy time on accessing files and records they need (Elmer, 2013) Record System is helpful to the barangay in storing and keeping records or files easily. By the help of the system, they can search easily the record of a particular person. And they can avoid the redundancy of records. E-Blotter System The e-blotter system facilitates fast, easy, and paperless entering of crime information using the computer machine that is linked into one station to another up to the higher headquarters via internet connections. The e-blotter is designed as a stand-alone system which will be installed in all police stations as a means of reporting and monitoring all crime incidents that transpired within their respective areas as well as the results and records of the investigation. The system will allow enhancement in the course of crime prevention, detection, and solution as it enables easy access of data needed for an immediate action from the police officials. Crime investigators and personnel will instantly access crime reports and daily updates of what is happening in the ground, particularly in every  police station which is vital in mapping out strategies for quick response and crime prevention through internet using e-blotter system. The system will allow integration of crime reports for and accurate and reliable documentation which is needed for crime investigation and solution. The e-blotter system will render better police service through an improved and enhanced crime incident reporting system with the use of modern technology (Yhatskii, 2013) The e-blotter is a big help to monitor all crime incidents happened in the barangay. It will also help the secretary to know easily if a person has a crime records before issuing the barangay clearance. Residential Profiling and Recordkeeping System Through the years, the term web-based recordkeeping has blown up to encompass many aspect of recording the file of every resident, thus, the term become more recognizable. A general term that describes recordkeeping system is that collects, organizes, and categorizes records, facilitating their preservation, retrieval, use, and disposition. Software is developed to reduce the time consumed in a particular task to be accomplished with a high standard and accurate output or results. Web based applications are the ultimate way to take advantage of today’s technology to enhance organizations or community more productivity and efficiency. Web based application gives you an opportunity to access your business information from anywhere in the world at any time. It offers cross platform compatibility that is more manageable, highly deployable, give secure live data. It also facilitates to save time and money and improve the interactivity with the client. The main purpose of the study is to explore the development in making a web-based system. Technically, the term Web-Based system refers to those applications or services that the client/resident on a server that is accessible using a Web browser and is therefore accessible from anywhere in the world via the Web. Web-based system is used to secure the records of the residents that only the Barangay Captain and his/her Secretary are the only entities can access the record. Viewing and surfing the sites are the only role that the residents can do. (Boddie, 2013) The system can help to make the records or files more secure. Also, it is easy for them to update and access the records. And lastly, it is easily for them to monitor all of the barangay records. Barangay Information System This participatory action-research followed the reflection-input-action-reflection process in allowing barangays to evolve their own information system. Benchmark study, secondary data use, key informants interview and observations were the key data gathering techniques. Data analysis was basically descriptive. This project was implemented in nine barangays of Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Majority of the respondents perceived their barangay hall as very useful in terms of serving as venue for meetings and as source of vital information about the barangay and its people. However, they felt that the information is inadequate as basis for planning and in responding to information requests from local government offices. The project also described and documented the Barangay Information System (BIS) implementation process of the nine barangays. It covered the activities that the barangays did in implementing their BIS. There were commonalities among the barangays in following a basic implementation process from orientation meeting in the barangay to data storage and updating. However, there were also observed peculiarities on data gathering techniques and logistics wherein some barangay officials voluntarily used their own money for supplies and materials and even provided snacks for BIS team members during data gathering, data posting/tabulation and data presentation so the activities will not be delayed (Almario, 2012) This will improve the efficiency of filing reports and complaints in the barangay level. Storing barangay information in a central database allows for easy storing and updating of records. Retrieval of records will also be faster, translating to faster transaction time. With the records readily available in the server, this will allow concerned government agencies to gather data for planning and development. Furthermore, automation reduces the use of paper. Barangay File Management System Palayan City Local Government Unit (LGU) has long been provided all of its barangays at least a computer unit to upgrade the system of operation to a much enhanced way. That is, through computer technology. That was almost exactly four years ago. But up to now, those computers had not been used to  their fullest capabilities. Barangay offices still rely on manual labor not on the machines as their frontline of service and operations. Some things are neglected. One, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) is not followed. Anyone can have his clearance signed or business permit released even if the authorized person to approve it, for example the Barangay Captain, is not present. The office has at least signed blank clearances and/or permits in this case. Thus, the reliability of such can be questioned. Two, it’s because all of the facts and information on the barangay is kept on papers, there should-be manifestation of the maximized usage of computer is not attained and therefore causes the slow retrieval of information and transactions. And lastly, hard copies of the files, transactions held and other matters require a large file cabinet to hold them which in many case, is a case of an unorganized file management system (wonderworldblog, 2005) The computerized system helps the authorized person in terms of managing the file. Because there are many information and records that they need to organize and secure, the computer machines has its capability of saving large file and providing ways on how to secure the files. CHAPTER III Methodology of the Study This chapter presents the methods and techniques used in the research for the development of Barangay Clearance Issuance System’s target clientele, population and sample, data gathering, instrument of the study, system’s development model used and criteria for system evaluation for this study are given importance in this chapter. Methods and Techniques of the Study The researchers used the Descriptive Research Method wherein the study focused on gathering of data. Based from (James P. Key, 1997) Oklahoma State University, he describes Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe â€Å"what exists† with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status quo, the correlation study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental  studies which seek to determine changes over time. The purpose of using the descriptive research method is to acquire accurate, factual, systematic data that can provide you with an actual picture of the data set that you are reviewing. This method illustrates a survey approach to the respondents from the barangay staffs, complainant and as well as the people in the barangay community. The proposed barangay information system will be beneficial because it will help the people to acquire the information their needed. Data gathering is very important in the study because it serves as a basis and pattern in making the system. Target clientele The target user of this study is the secretary, who will monitor the system and assists the citizens who will request a barangay clearance. The Barangay Clearance Issuance System will be a great help to the secretary to access the records easily. Population and Sample These respondents were asked by the researchers. The population of respondent came from barangay captain and other barangay officials, secretary and also the citizen of the barangay and the respondent will answer the questionnaires to determine the overall performance of the system. Data Gathering Procedures These are the things used for gathering information about the proposed study, the basis for making decisions and evaluations are the collected data and record. Interview – This is where the proponents ask a question and getting the information from the interviewee using direct communication. Questionnaire – It is a series of different question that will be given to the individual who have knowledge of the study, and used to get the information from the respondent and their opinions. Evaluation Form – It is an instrument used to estimate the research study. The following criteria were given to evaluate the developed system: (a) reliability; (b) efficiency; (c) accuracy; (d) user friendliness; and (e) security. Instrument Used in the Study The researchers used questionnaire in dealing this study. A research instrument used to collect data may be created by the researcher or based on an existing instrument. If the instrument is researcher created, the process used to select the questions should be described and justified and it contains indicators that asses of the overall performance of the system. System Development Model Used The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) for the system development will be used. According to Taylor (2004), the project life cycle encompasses all the activities of the project, while the systems development life cycle focuses on realizing the product requirements. SDLC is used during the development of an IT project; it describes the different stages involved in the project from the drawing board, through the completion of the project. A number of system development life cycle models have been created: waterfall, fountain, and spiral build and fix, rapid prototyping, incremental, and synchronize-stabilize. The oldest of these, and the best known, is the waterfall: a sequence of stages in which the output of each stage becomes the input for the next. These stages can be characterized and divided up in different ways, including planning, system analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation and maintenance. Planning – During the planning phase, the objective of the project is determined and the requirements to produce the product are considered. An estimate of resources, such as personnel and costs, is prepared, along with a concept for the new product. All of the information is analyzed to see if there is an alternative solution to creating a new product. If there is no other viable alternative, the information is assembled into a project plan and presented to management for approval. System Analysis – During the analysis stage the project team determines the end-user requirements. Often this is done with the assistance of client focus groups, which provide an explanation of their needs and what their expectations are for the finished product and how it will perform. The project team documents all of the user requirements and gets a sign-off from  the client and management to move forward with system design. System Design – The design phase is the â€Å"architectural† phase of system design. The flow of data processing is developed into charts, and the project team determines the most logical design and structure for data flow and storage. For the user interface, the project team designs mock-up screen layouts that the developers use to write the code for the actual interface. Development – During the development phase developers execute the plans laid out in the design phase. The developers design the database, generate the code for the data flow process and design the actual user interface screens. During the development phase, test data is prepared and processed as many times as necessary to refine the code. Testing – During the testing phase all aspects of the system are tested for functionality and performance. The system is tested for integration with other products as well as any previous versions with which it needs to communicate. Essentially, the key elements of the testing phase are to verify that the system contains all the end user requirements laid out in the analysis phase, that all the functions are accurately processing data, that the new system works with all other systems or prior systems, and that the new system meets the quality standards of the company and the customers. Implementation – During this phase, the new or enhanced system is installed in the production environment, users are trained, data is converted (as needed), the system is turned over to the sponsor, and business processes are evaluated. This phase includes efforts required to implement, resolve system problems identified during the implementation process, and plan for sustainment. Maintenance – During the maintenance stage, the system is assessed to ensure it does not become obsolete. This is also where changes are made to initial software. It involves continuous evaluation of the system in terms of its performance. Data Gathering and Statistical Treatment After developing the system the information that are gathered, analyzed and tabulated will determine the level of perception of the overall performance of the system, descriptive statistical tools that employed such as weighted mean to determine the perception of respondents on Barangay Clearance Issuance System. Construction Procedures The researchers conducted a survey from the staffs of the barangay and the people in the barangay community, the objectives of this survey are; to know if this study will be a big help for them for the enhancement purposes and it will be easier to release the barangay clearance. The respondents will be given enough time to answer the survey forms that will help the researchers to gather some data for this study. The researchers constructed the survey form having ten (10) questions for them to answer. The procedures in gathering data were presented as follows: 1. The researchers submitted the authorization letter to the administration office for the approval in conducting the survey to the chosen respondents which is related to the present study. 2. The population or the respondents in this study were chosen exactly. Each respondent came from the administration, staffs, and people in the barangay. The total number of the involved persons in this study is 5 (five). 3. After submitting the letter and choosing the respondents, the questionnaires were constructed and distributed on the selected respondents. The researchers gave enough time to answer the survey form. The respondents were supervised by the researchers for further clarification about the survey form. 4. After conducting the survey, the researchers collected the survey form from the respondents to review and verify the answers to processed and tabulate the results of the form, to know if the objectives of this study were meet.

How does Chaucer’s portrait of Alison add to the interest of the poem? Essay

Alison is married to the carpenter. The carpenter is the total opposite of Alison. He is old and it is likely that she finds him boring and unattractive, which explains why she has an affair. The Carpenter realises that she is not that much in love with him, and is jealous as a result of it, â€Å"Jalous he was, and held hir narrwe in cage. † There is a sense of doom for John the Carpenter. It seems too good to be true that an old man like him should have such a beautiful wife. It is obvious something is going to happen to take her from him. In the description of Alison, Chaucer shows the difference between Alison and the carpenter. We know the carpenter is old, but the continuous portrayal of Alison makes us more convinced with every line that the two are note suited. â€Å"She was wild and young and he was old. † She is obviously very attractive, she presents herself well and she is youthful. We know that if Alison had any choice then she would not be married to this old carpenter, but back then, marriages were often arranged. The second man in love with Alison is hende Nicholas. Nicholas is a student of astronomy, who is lodging at the Carpenter’s inn. Nicholas is also young and much more suited to Alison that the Carpenter is. He declares his love for Alison in a way that is not too courtly, â€Å"And prively he caught her by the quaint. † This is not a very romantic way to court someone. You would not expect Alison to accept, but after much persistence from Nicholas, â€Å"Lemmen, love me all atones or I wol dien! † she agrees to meet with him. Alison warns him it must be a great secret â€Å"Ye moste been full derne as in this cas,† and Nicholas swears he will not say a word. This is not the type of love in stories like the Knight’s Tale. They are simply attracted to each other, making it closer to lust than love. There is a lot of description of Absolon, the parish clerk who is also in love with Alison. The description is a very feminine one, describing his fancy clothes â€Å"His rode was red† â€Å"Curl was his hair. † Chaucer seems to be mocking Absolon, making fun of his ways, and embarrassing him in the end. By mocking Absolon, Chaucer is mocking courtly love as Absolon represents this. He goes to Alison’s window every night and sings to her and reads her his poems, but every time he is rejected. Alison does not treat Absolon very well either. Absolon is a very jolly and gay character, but he is miserable and woebegone when Alison does not return his feelings. He sings to her and sends her cake and spices, but still Alison has no love for Absolon. â€Å"He n’hadde for his labour but a scorn! † After all the work he puts in to get Alison to fall in love with him, he is scorned. At the end of the story, both Alison and Nicholas at laughing at Absolon after the cruel trick they play on him. There is a lot of humour in the Miller’s Tale. This is to be expected from the description of the Miller in the general prologue, as it tells us he is fond of dirty stories and jokes. Love that is not returned can always be made humorous in such stories. We laugh at the carpenter because he actually thinks that a beautiful young girl like Alison would be in love with him. She makes a fool out of the carpenter in two ways. The first being her affair with Nicholas, which shows us she does not love him, even though he is very much in love with her, â€Å"This Carpenter had wedded a new wif, Which that he loved more than his lif. â€Å"

Griffith Report Essays - California, Free Essays, Term Papers

Griffith Report Essays - California, Free Essays, Term Papers Griffith Report During my visit to the Griffith Observatory I had a great experience there. In the front lawn there was statues of famous scientists such as Galileo, Copernicus, Isaac Newton, and others. When I arrived at the museum, I noticed many appealing things immediately. I became aware that visitors can actually become observers from outside of the building. For example the museum offered telescopes for me to use to look into the sky. When I walked further along the site I notice a Solar System Lawn Model. Engraved in the ground was the Milky Way (our solar system), and a Sunset and Moonset Radial observer. Since the observatory was in so many movies, including: Yes man, Funny People, and the Terminator. To me it looked like a mansion. It had a large field of grass that on looked the Los Angeles Horizon. It had a patio where visitors can watch the sunset and sunrise. It also had a section to take pictures in front of the Hollywood sign. As I entered the observatory I knew I would come home with information I had never knew about. There where so many things to touch and look at. I wanted to spend every minute observing the displays. The walls and the ceilings have large beautiful murals painted all along the ceiling, like something from a cathedral in Rome. I was told, they were created to show the connection between science and mythology, as well as the connection between the earth and the sky. There were even murals of all the Astronomers who helped develop Griffith's idea. The center of the building included a large Pendulum, which was a device used to measure the earth's rotation. It was the observatories main attraction and had required perfect creation in order for it to be exact. As everyone was gathered around this object, we wondered how it worked. At the bottom of the floor was a measuring device with domino like blocks rotating around it. It worked in the strangest way I can imagine, as the ball moved back and forth it would knock down the blocks according to the earth's rotation. There were many sections at the Griffiths Observatory that had hands-on activities for me to understand. One for example was a machine that determined the temperature of my body,called a UAV Ray generator. I moved aimlessly around the machine to see how hot or cold I was. As it turns out, my ears are actually colder than any other part on my body. To me it seemed like it was looking through heat vision goggles. As if I was looking for someone through a scope, dead at night. I then knowingly, started grabbing random objects to find out the temperature. It was amusing at first but I later got into trouble. Checking out this demonstration is something I would recommend for new visitors. Throughout the time I spent at the Griffith's Observatory, I learned a lot about our galaxy. It had many additional facts about our solar system, as well as our planet. In addition, it was very neat to see the Los Angeles basin with its city lights and fast paced atmosphere. I would recommend going to this museum for a family trip or school event. I learned a lot about the different types of moons, stars and the elements of the periodic table. It was also fascinating to learn about the pendulum in order to figure out the earth's time and rotation. I learned a lot about astronomy that day. Overall my visit to the observatory was a great experience for me to take upon and will most likely be going again.

John Lennon`s Educational Tour Bus

John Lennon`s Educational Tour Bus John Lennon`s Educational Tour Bus John Lennon`s Educational Tour Bus John Lennon`s Educational Tour Bus The â€Å"John Lennon Educational Tour Bus† is an organization, which makes the dreams of young musical artists from the USA and Canada a reality. It was founded in New York City in 1998 by Brian Rothschild. Its mission aims at promotion music literacy among the talented students. A traveling bus, which is audio and video recording studio on wheels, helps this organization achieve all their aims. Students have the opportunity to produce, write, and record original songs, documentaries, and music videos just in one single day. They will be provided with such programs: Technology Expos, Essay Contests, Teacher Training, Assemblies, Documentaries, Concert Tours, 1 Day Music Video Production, Tours of the Bus, and High School Battle of the Bands. The best way to educate students about music The participants of this unusual program are extremely excited about it, as they are allowed to play music in their own way, using the high-quality equipment. Here you will be able to feel yourself like a real rock-and-roll superstar. Inside the big blue bus, you will have the drums, guitars, DJ station, keyboards, and basses – everything at your disposal. The students will also find a separate studio for editing and recording videos and CDs. It is unbelievable, that some students from Anaheim, California, managed to compose a song and produce a music video in a mere six hours. The organization and realization of the Bus`s work process John Lennon Educational Tour Bus makes stops at universities, schools, music festivals, concerts, and trade shows. A group of the young people has the opportunity to try itself at recording an original video and song. Students write the music and lyrics to a song, record it, mix it, shoot video, and produce a music video of their work. Then, the stuff of the Bus organizes the community celebration in order to screen everything that was produced on the Bus. Students can also participate in a Battle of the Bands and enjoy themselves, competing in the interesting and friendly way. The band, which wins, definitely receives its deserved prizes. Of course, communities and schools can make a request for the Bus, but you should remember that not every request can be accommodated because of their amount. Nevertheless, the staff of the Bus does its best to make students educated in music. Get a taste of the professional media production and music composition John Lennon Educational Tour Bus inspires not only the youth, but also the principals and teachers. It provides also a course at several universities, which is called ‘Come Together: Music and Video Production’. It was created in cooperation with the Digital Media Academy. Our young people need such kind of media education and music. Such original approach brings people together and shows students the power of themselves. The Bus is designed to provide schools, students, and communities with remote recordings, demonstrations, and performances. The studio sessions are customized for their interest, levels of experience, and needs. This Bus can produce live multicamera video productions. This organization partners different newspapers and magazines. You can see all its projects on Facebook, YouTube, and lennonbus.org. The Bus is divided into three studio environments, which can create one big studio. You can find here a Chromatte booth, an iso booth for acoustic recordings, a mixing and a recording booth. Apple computers, Yamaha keyboards, Yamaha Drums, Gibson and Epiphone guitars are available here. The Bus also deals with the professional recording industry, as many celebrities were inspired to record their songs on it.   Natasha Bedingfield, will.i.am and Justin Timberlake did it successfully. The Lennon Bus has also accompanied The Black Eyed Peas during their concert tours. The students` musical progress from the Bus` digital and instrumental resources is incredible. The experience of taking part in such wonderful program will be undoubtedly unforgettable for any student!

25 Essay Topics for American Government Classes

25 Essay Topics for American Government Classes If you are a teacher searching for essay topics to assign to your U.S. government or civics class or looking for ideas, do not fret. It is easy to integrate debates and discussions into the classroom environment. These topic suggestions provide a wealth of ideas for written assignments such as  position papers, compare and contrast essays  and  argumentative essays. Scan the following 25 question topics and ideas to find just the right one. Youll soon be reading interesting papers from your students after they grapple with these challenging and important issues. 25 Topics Compare and contrast what is a direct democracy versus representative democracy.  React to the following statement: Democratic decision-making should be extended to all areas of life including schools, the workplace, and the government.  Compare and contrast the Virginia and New Jersey plans. Explain how these led to the Great Compromise.  Pick one thing about the U.S. Constitution including its amendments that you think should be changed. What  modifications would you make? Explain your reasons for making this change.What did Thomas Jefferson mean when he said, The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants? Do you think that this statement still applies to todays world?  Compare and contrast mandates and conditions of aid regarding the federal governments relationship with states. For example, how has FEMA delivered support to states and commonwealths which have experienced natural disasters?Should individual states have mor e or less power compared to the federal government when implementing laws dealing with topics such as legalization of marijuana  and abortion?   Outline a program that would get more people to vote in presidential elections or local elections.What are the dangers of gerrymandering when it comes to voting and presidential elections?Compare and contrast the major political parties in the United States. What platforms did they use in the last presidential election? What policies are they preparing for upcoming midterm elections?Why would voters choose to vote for a third party, even though they know that their candidate has virtually no chance of winning?  Describe the major sources of money that are donated to political campaigns. Check out the Federal Election Regulatory Commissions website for information.Should corporations be treated as individuals regarding being allowed to donate to political campaigns?  Ã‚  Look at the recent Citizens United ruling.  Defend your answer.  Explain the role of social media in connecting interest groups that have grown stronger as the major political parties have grown weaker.  Exp lain why the media has been called the fourth branch of government. Include your opinion on whether this is an accurate portrayal. Compare and contrast the campaigns of Senate and  House of Representatives candidates.Should term limits be instituted for members of Congress? Explain your answer.Should members of Congress vote their conscience or follow the will of the people who elected them into office? Explain your answer.Explain how executive orders have been used by presidents throughout the history of the U.S. What is the number of executive orders issued by the current president?In your opinion, which of the three branches has the most power? Defend your answer.Which of the rights guaranteed by the First Amendment do you consider the most important? Explain your answer.  Should a school be required to get a warrant before searching a students property? Defend your answer.  Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail? What kind of campaign could be run to see it passed?Explain how the 14th Amendment has affected civil liberties in the United States from the time of its passage at the end of the Civil War.D o you think that the federal government has enough, too much or just the right amount of power? Defend your answer.

Racial and Criminal Profiling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Racial and Criminal Profiling - Assignment Example In Part III, this paper argues that there is substantial evidence that arrests are still being carried out on the basis of racial bias. Subsequently, it maintains that cultural factors have an impact on crime commitment. Introduction Racial and criminal profiling is one of the pertinent topics, as far as criminal justice is concerned. There are concerns about the use and interpretation of the used statistics. There are also the concerns that the profiled information of criminals always reveals certain flaws in the justice system. This leads to the advocacy of the affirmative action, which attracts various questions and issues. This seeks to respond to various questions regarding racial and criminal profiling such as the mentioned, as well the definition of various terminologies underlying the topic. PART I Response to part 1 This cautionary notice is given on the basis that criminal incidences are governed by a range of factors that are largely ignored based on such simple inferences . What this implies is that such data is likely to be biased in giving the information about the scene on the ground. For instance, the introduction of ranks in terms of criminal incidents to states may serve to reinforce the fact that people from certain states do not engage in crimes as those of other areas. In real sense, such an inference is biased. This alludes to how statistics can be misused or misinterpreted (Campbell, 1974). Response to part 1A Indeed, there are various issues that govern the dynamics of crime; hence, the statistics. One of the points that can be acknowledges is that different areas, cities, counties and states have different factors that shape criminal activities. Areas may differ from others in terms of cultural factors, political uniqueness, crime intervention strategies and unemployment rates, among others. Comparing the crime rates between areas often constrain the way these factors should be captured effectively. In some cases, it might create the all owance for statistics to be abused by authorities and other parties to advance their gains at the expense of others. For example, it can be used by some crime prevention authorities of some states to justify their effort, even when the comparison is hardly objective, as documented by Campbell (1974) on the misuse of statistics. PART II Response to part 2 Prejudice refers to a biased presentation of an event, subject or phenomenon. It is a treatment based on notions that are self or socially constructed, as opposed to the reality Gabbidon and Greene, 2005). For example, ideas will be considered to be prejudiced if they do not present the reality views Response to Part 3 Stereotypes are perceptions or notions that are labeled to certain groups of people but which are barely factual. For example, the notion that women are considered to be a weaker species compared to men is a stereotype (Gabbidon and Greene, 2005). Another example of stereotype is where youths are considered to be a gr oup of people that cannot be trusted. Response to part 4 Discrimination is the treatment of people based on the criterion informed by bias and which can be considered to be hardly objective. It has been argued that it is also possible to discriminate with objectivity, in what is referred to as positive discrimination, while negative discrimination is that which is

Research Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research Assignment - Essay Example Walker describes the relationship of mother with the daughter that gradually upturned when the mother begins to understand and recognize the thoughts of her daughters, regarding the importance of cultural values. The same theme of parent-child relationship is described in several other narratives including short stories and poems like Tillie Olsen’s short story â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† and Ben Johnson’s poems â€Å"On My First Son† and â€Å"On My First Daughter†. The authors of these work pieces have discussed the intricate relationship of parent and their children in quite different ways, and shows depth and potential involvedness within parent-child relationships. In â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing†, Olsen depicts a mother worried about the thinking style of her child whereas â€Å"Everyday Use† tells about the mother that is happy after realizing that her daughter possesses some true feelings and thinking in her heart regarding the i mportance of cultural heritage. The poems of Ben Johnsons also talks about the parent-child relationship but in a different manner as these are written to depict the sorrow of the parents on the death of their children. The essay describes these literary works to explain the variation in the depiction of a common theme of parent-child relationship. It is unveiled that the parent-child relationship is commonly used as the central theme in various narratives; however, the topic is so deep and multifaceted that the writers have described this theme in distinct styles. It is also unveiled that regardless of children age, position and social conditions the parents always have a deep love, affection and concern for their children shown these narratives in different styles. The short story â€Å"Everyday Use† depicts the intricate relationship between mother and her two daughters. There was disagreement among them over the issue of preservation of cultural heritage that ultimately a ffected their relationships. The mother and both the daughters understand the value for traditions; however, their perspectives about the treatment of the traditional things were different from one another. The story is written in the context of political and social transformation when African Americans were struggling to preserve their cultural values and identities (Bates, p154). The family described in the story had several things that remind them of their African culture roots, while the family members regard these things as their cultural heritage. However, the standpoint of mother and both daughters were different from each other because they view the traditions and cultural heritage in different ways. The mother earlier thought that her alder daughter Dee has the sense of appreciation for the traditional treasures, and that she understands the values of cultural heritage. The younger daughter, Maggie, seems quite insensible to her mother because she thinks Maggie gives no val ue to the traditional things and just regards those as items of everyday use. The relationship of the mother grew differently with both daughters on the basis of the opinions she held for them. The mother believes that the preservation and protection of cultural heritage shows that one should have value for the memories of their ancestors, so

Racial Profiling (Research Proposal) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racial Profiling (Research Proposal) - Essay Example changed the socio- cultural values of a country, forcing them to formulate new strategies and policies to meet the challenges of the emerging pluralistic societies. The changing values necessitate development of a new social order which would not only embrace multi cultural values but help forge a universal bond that would transcend race and religious boundaries. Therefore racial profiling is not only a morally degenerative practice but it is the most despicable practice that violates human rights and promotes a deliberate sense of inequality and fear among the minority ethnic group who are designated by their color of skin. Broadly speaking racial profiling can be defined as those actions of police and government officials that are based on racial prejudices. In the new emerging equations of society, racial profiling has become extremely contentious and the discriminate behaviour of police and people in authority in government departments, have posed very serious questions of the relevance of the fundamental rights of the citizens possessing different skin color. More than thirty two million Americans have been subjected to racial profiling and approximately eighty seven millions Americans are at high risk of being subjected to it in future (RP, 2004). The human rights violation and harassment, in the name of justice has provoked a wide spread feeling of outrage and national shame. There is urgent need to address racial profiling. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive study of people who have undergone atrocities under racial profiling and those live under the constant fear of becoming its victim in future. The study would be an effort to bring out the broader repercussions of racial profiling and would like to focus on the expectations of the people coming from different races. The study would also be used to reflect the opinion of white people and try to decipher the root cause that promotes such practices against colored people. The study

Technology and Social Media Communication Analysis Essay

Technology and Social Media Communication Analysis - Essay Example Analysis of Various Technologies and Social Media Communication Tools The conception of social media can be defined as an effective process of communicating with other. It is often viewed to be a medium of social interaction. The various technologies for communication include televisions, computer systems along with the medium of internet and mobile phones (The states of Queensland, 2006). Conversely, the various tools of social media comprise different online websites such as Twitter, YouTube, Flickr and Facebook among others (The International Association of Assessing Officers, 2009). Intended Purpose of Using Technologies and Social Media Communication Tools The major purpose of using different technologies and social media communication tools is to build effective communication with different users in the community. The technologies and the different social media tools can be viewed as effective business tools for several organizations by which they can promote their valuable pro ducts by a significant level (Brand Protect Inc., 2010). . Strength One of the chief strengths of employing various technologies and different social media tools is that these aspects possess greater accessibility of varied information. It has been apparently observed that the different business organization use the tools of social media for growing their brand awareness, improving sales and most importantly attaining significant competitive position over the chief business market competitors. Thus, it can be stated that the different tools related to social media strengthens the financial viability of the organizations (Brand Protect Inc., 2010). Weakness One of the chief weaknesses of using effective technologies and different tools of social media is time consumption. The tools might take much time to navigate the required information relating to any subject matter (Brand Protect Inc., 2010). Ethical Consideration With regard to the ethical consideration, the business corporation s along with the government should remain much conscious about the misuse of different tools of social media that might impose unfavorable effects upon the community (Eid, 2009). Existing Norms and Protocols One of the significant norms of social media is maintaining the privacy of accessing different information of the users. The various business organizations or the individuals should prioritize this important social norm concerning privacy as well as protecting their respective profiles in order to share their information in an organized manner (Talking Climate, 2012). In relation to the social norms, it has been viewed that one of the major protocols of social media is registration. In this similar context, the business organizations should follow the Code of Conduct relating to social norms while performing business operational functions. Moreover, the legislations such as the ‘Data Protection Act 1998’, ‘Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000’ an d ‘Telecommunications Regulations 2000’ can act as significant protocols for social media. These protocols relating to social media facilitate investigating and detecting the unauthorized usage of different telecommunication systems such as internet usage. The business organizations or any individuals are advised to follow the social media norms as well as protocols in order to share

Origin of flight of dinosaurs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Origin of flight of dinosaurs - Research Paper Example These factors will all be discussed with reference to Archaeopteryx lithographica, a species generally regarded as being the common ancestor to modern birds and the primary source of information about the development of flight mechanisms. Archaeopteryx A brief discussion of Archaeopteryx litographica (commonly known as Archaeopteryx) is necessary to understand how instrumental this species is to discovering the mechanisms of flight evolution. Various Archaeopteryx specimens have been found in the south of Germany, well-preserved due to the qualities of the limestone in which they were found. The Archaeopteryx is commonly described as being the size of a raven and having several features that make it identifiable in the context of modern-day birds – feathers and a wishbone, for example (Ostrom, 1975). Several of these features suggest that the Archaeopteryx was capable of flight, although, as with many things in evolutionary biology, this is something that can never be ascertai ned. Archaeopteryx also shared several features with dinosaurs, such as having chevrons of increased length in the tail and a specific shape of ankle bone (Ostrom, 1975). This bird-dinosaur morphology is the principle reason for thinking that the species is the missing link. The way that Archaeopteryx specimens are conserved in limestone has resulted in the preservation of feather imprints, allowing paleontologists to ascertain that this species may have used feathers in the development of flight mechanisms. This is particularly good evidence of some aerial motion because the feathers found show characteristics of flight feathers, meaning that feathers had previously began to evolve for a purpose other than flight (Paul, 2002). Finally, it is important to note that it has not been proven whether Archaeopteryx had the power of full flight or could simply glide (Padian & Chiappe, 1998). Arboreal Hypothesis The arboreal hypothesis (also known as the ‘tree down’ hypothesis) refers to the idea that dinosaurs first gained flight by jumping from trees and acquiring flight as an evolutionary mechanism to avoid fatal accidents from this method. This hypothesis seems ‘intuitive’ because ‘flight evolving from an arboreal gliding stage would seem to be relatively easy’ (Padian & Chiappe, 1998, p15) and because the force of gravity ‘helps rather than hinders’ (Lewin, 1983, p38). Some studies, such as that of Feduccia (1993) suggest that the shape of the manus (the ‘hand’ portion of the forelimb) and the pes (the ‘foot’ portion of the hindlimb) of the Archaeopteryx exhibit evidence of perching, tree-dwelling and trunk-climbing due to the curvature of these anatomical elements. However, since this paper was published, another specimen of Archaeopteryx has been discovered (known as the Thermopolis specimen) which has almost complete pes, and thus there is now mounting evidence that the hallux (first digit of the pes) did not display curvature necessary for perching (Mayr et al., 2007). If we consider the Archaeopteryx as arboreal, it is important to understand how and why flight would have developed in this way. The original theory as stated by Othniel C. Marsh in the late 19th century was that Archaeopteryx

Technology and Social Media Communication Analysis Essay

Technology and Social Media Communication Analysis - Essay Example Analysis of Various Technologies and Social Media Communication Tools The conception of social media can be defined as an effective process of communicating with other. It is often viewed to be a medium of social interaction. The various technologies for communication include televisions, computer systems along with the medium of internet and mobile phones (The states of Queensland, 2006). Conversely, the various tools of social media comprise different online websites such as Twitter, YouTube, Flickr and Facebook among others (The International Association of Assessing Officers, 2009). Intended Purpose of Using Technologies and Social Media Communication Tools The major purpose of using different technologies and social media communication tools is to build effective communication with different users in the community. The technologies and the different social media tools can be viewed as effective business tools for several organizations by which they can promote their valuable pro ducts by a significant level (Brand Protect Inc., 2010). . Strength One of the chief strengths of employing various technologies and different social media tools is that these aspects possess greater accessibility of varied information. It has been apparently observed that the different business organization use the tools of social media for growing their brand awareness, improving sales and most importantly attaining significant competitive position over the chief business market competitors. Thus, it can be stated that the different tools related to social media strengthens the financial viability of the organizations (Brand Protect Inc., 2010). Weakness One of the chief weaknesses of using effective technologies and different tools of social media is time consumption. The tools might take much time to navigate the required information relating to any subject matter (Brand Protect Inc., 2010). Ethical Consideration With regard to the ethical consideration, the business corporation s along with the government should remain much conscious about the misuse of different tools of social media that might impose unfavorable effects upon the community (Eid, 2009). Existing Norms and Protocols One of the significant norms of social media is maintaining the privacy of accessing different information of the users. The various business organizations or the individuals should prioritize this important social norm concerning privacy as well as protecting their respective profiles in order to share their information in an organized manner (Talking Climate, 2012). In relation to the social norms, it has been viewed that one of the major protocols of social media is registration. In this similar context, the business organizations should follow the Code of Conduct relating to social norms while performing business operational functions. Moreover, the legislations such as the ‘Data Protection Act 1998’, ‘Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000’ an d ‘Telecommunications Regulations 2000’ can act as significant protocols for social media. These protocols relating to social media facilitate investigating and detecting the unauthorized usage of different telecommunication systems such as internet usage. The business organizations or any individuals are advised to follow the social media norms as well as protocols in order to share

Nursing Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Research - Essay Example Critiquing a research work, therefore, involves a careful examination of all aspects of the study, to assess its strength, limitations, meanings and relevance, in a bid to gain adequate up to date knowledge, improve practice and provide essential data necessary for further studies (Hek, 1996; Burns and Grove, 1999). 1. Problem Statement: The study was conducted to evaluate patients' satisfaction with two different routes of follow-up monitoring care for patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis - Primary care settings involving a General Practitioner and/or practice nurse, and Secondary care settings involving a specialist team within hospitals and including case management by a Rheumatology Nurse Specialist (RNS). This research problem is of great importance to the nursing profession, as it evaluates patients' satisfaction to specialized nursing service delivery. 2. Study Purpose: The purpose of the research was to compare Rheumatoid Arthritis patients' satisfaction with a General Practitioner led primary care and a Rheumatology Nurse Specialist (RNS) led secondary care settings. ... it can be inferred from the study aim that the research question would be something like: Are patients more satisfied with primary care or secondary care settings for follow-up care and monitoring 4. Hypothesis/Hypotheses: Hypothesis is a statement, which predicts the performance of a verifiable occurrence in certain conditions, based upon theoretical considerations (Stevens et al, 1993).The hypothesis of this research was not stated, also; however, the main hypothesis the research appear to be testing was: Rheumatoid Arthritis patients undertaking disease modifying antirheumatic therapy (DMARDS) are more satisfied with follow up monitoring and care provided by specialized nurse-led secondary care settings. 5. Study Variables: The two main variables of the research, as identified by the researchers are: primary and secondary monitoring of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis undertaking DMARDS. 6. Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework: This study was guided theoretically by the former exploratory study carried out by the same authors, which indicated factors such as attitude and empathy, information provision, continuity of care etc influenced patients' satisfaction with care received. The present study sought to explore these qualities within the context of primary and secondary care. 7. Review of Related Literature: According to Massey (1995), the essence of a literature review is to analyze what has been said so far and thus demonstrate what is known about a research problem, and, in the process establish the need for the current study. The authors of this study contend that there was a lack of adequate literatures that relates to the satisfaction of rheumatology patients with monitoring follow-up. They identified and reviewed only three articles. However, one can argue

The Critique of Critical Thinking Essay Example for Free

The Critique of Critical Thinking Essay To think is already an achievement in itself, but to think critically is a lot better than settling with what one already know. To critically think enables the individual to explore new perspectives and world-views, contrary to a dogmatic stance on beliefs and thoughts. To think critically entails a deep and broader look into a subject or system of thought, that to expose an ideology is to not look on its only positive aspects but also to explore more on its adverse   and corresponding developments in that field. A dogmatic world-view will limit the intellect into a specific area of advocacy or belief and it rejects any idea that is outside or alien to the existing thought. This often results in a backward progression of intellectual capability since there is no room for exploration of different ideas. In addition, a restrained or limited intellectual capacity to understand more things does not ultimately guarantee a real grasp of truth. But through critical thinking, there are many accounts and views that may help in achieving a clear understanding of the truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In line with critical thinking is the ability to take into account other sentiments, world-views and opinions of different people and cultures, combining them into a synthesized argument. The main point of critical thinking is to necessarily limit the borders of thinking into a single belief but also reconsiders other individuals own sentiments and formulating a new idea. This also brings for an opportunity of discourse and not debate since in debate an idea must be defended rhetorically in order to prove its credibility. In discourse however, it consists of a discussion between different individuals with no use of any rhetoric method. The discussions are not limited to a side that would win but the main aim is to create or improve an idea or concept.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In summary, to think critically enables the individual to consider other opinions other than the self.

Encoder Viterbi Matlab

Encoder Viterbi Matlab Implementation of Convolutional Encoder and Viterbi Decoder Using Matlab and FPGA Abstract Channel coding is widely used in digital communication. By using channel encoding methods we can minimize signal noise and signal interference in our system. These techniques also utilize less bandwidth for error free transmission. In our project we have implemented convolutional encoder and viterbi decoder for channel coding. Convolutional encoding is vastly used for error correction in digital communication. We have implemented these techniques on matlab and performed a lot of simulation to check their performance. Chapter 1 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM INTRODUCTION Early communication was based on implicit assumption that messages signal is continuous varying time signal waveform. Such continuous time signals are referred as analog signals and there corresponding information sources are called analog sources. Analog signals are transmitted using carrier modulation over communication channel and accordingly demodulated at receiver. Such communication system is called analog communication systems. In digital transmission analog source output is converted to digital form. Message can be transmitted using digital modulation and at receiver demodulated as digital signal. The basic feature of digital communication system is that during finite interval of time it sends a waveform from possible number of waveforms. Important measure of system performance in digital communication systems is probability of error. 1.2 WHY DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Digital communication is preferred over analog communication because digital circuits have a less probability of distortion and interference than analog. Digital circuits are reliable than analog and have low cost. Digital hardware is more flexible to implement than analog. In digital signals time division multiplexing is simpler then FDM in analog signals. DIGITAL COMMUNICATION In digital communication system functional operations performed at both transmitter and receiver should be expanded to add messages signal bias at transmitter and message signal synthesis or interpolating at receiver. Additional functions include redundancy removal and channel encoding and decoding. 1.3.1 Source Nature Information is knowledge. Information can be of two types either analog or digital. We can collect information through listening or watching. Receiver newer know what it will receive in advance but only when some source generates an output towards it. The main responsibility on any communication channel is to send error less information towards receiver. 1.3.3 Source Encoder/Decoder What is source encoder? It is a technique which changes an analog signal into sequence of bits. This sequence of bits that is produced can also be used for the reconstruction of the signal. These bits contain information about the original signal. If we use this encoding technique it can also be helpful in appropriate bandwidth utilization. The sequence of bits is such that it can be used for data compression. 1.3.4 Quantization It is a process in which we sample the amplitude of a analog signal. Irreversible mechanism in which we erradicate redundant bits is called QUANTIZERS. The disadvantage of quantization is that it introduces noise in the sampled signal. Whereas while sampling distortion donot occur. But inspite of all that, quantizers and quantization is still widely used in determining the bit rate. And in any coding procedure of speech, amplitude quantization is the most important step. X8 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 Figure 1.2: 8-level quantization 1.3.5 Modulation and Demodulation What is modulation and demodulation? Modulation is a process in which a baseband signal is mixed with a carier and converted into bandpass signal. And demodulation is a process in which original signal is recovered from modulated signal. And modulator and demodulators perform the above information. The modulator changes the signal into the form representing the required information. And reverse operation is performed by demodulator. The purpose of these devices is to produce and convey messages with minimum bit error rate. NOISE IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Noise refers to something which is always present in the entire communication world. Noise is something that can be created or produced from variety of possessions. If noise is present in any system it makes the system ambiguous and less efficient. It also makes our receiver capability less efficient. And therefore also confines the transmission rate. Noise can be minimized by efficient designing technique which is not desired through different methods such as filtering. Noise which is caused by the thermal motion of electrons in all dissipative resistors is called thermal noise. These electrons are also responsible for thermal noise as a zero mean Gaussian random process. CHAPTER 2 CHANNEL CODING 2.1 INTRODUCTION Channel coding is used in communication system to improve the signal reliability in communication systems. By performing channel coding we can protect our signal from different types of noises and distortion. These methods of signal processing are tools for accomplishing desirable system tradeoffs. By using large scale integrated circuit and high speed digital processing methods it had made possible to provide as much as 10db performance improvement at much less cost. Shannon showed that by the addition of redundant bits to source information we introduce a method to minimize error in channel without disturbing information transmission rate provided that the information rate is less than channel capacity. Average number of information bits per unit time can be reduced by using function of the speech code. Minimum number of information bits should be transmitted. The input to encoder is the output of speech code. Radio link performance is improved by using Channel coding in mobile communication by the addition of redundant bits to source information. At the transmitter channel code maps the digital information which is produced by a data source into a form that can be decoded by the receiver with minimum errors. Channel coding mechanism insert noise to the codes in a controlled manner by adding extra bits so that the receiver can do detection and correction in a noisy channel. Channel codes which are produced are classified as block codes and convolution codes The hamming distance (minimum), dmin of a code is used as criteria for determining error correction ability. The minimum hamming distance is defined as smallest value of d. if minimum hamming distance is dmin ,(dmin -1)bit errors can be detected and we correct the integer [(dmin-1)/2] bit errors .raw data transmission rate can be reduced additional coded bits. Using Error-Correction Codes These codes are very useful to use.Without implementing these codes in our communication system our data delievered will be very noisy and corrupted.Below is the graph which showz comparison between uncoded and coded data error performance. Chapter 3 CONVLUTIONAL CODING INTRODUCTION TO CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING The idea is to make all code word symbols to be the weighted sum of the input message symbols. And that is similar to the convolution used in linear time invariant systems where the output of system is found, if you know about the input and impulse response. So in convolutional encoder we usually get the output of the system, by convolving the input bits. Basically, convolutional codes do not reduce much noise as compared to an equivalent block code. In most of the cases, they generally offer more simple implementation upon block code of same power. The encoder is a simple circuit which contains the memory states and feedback logic, normally supported by XOR gates. The decoder is usually implemented in software. The Viterbi algorithm is the most favourable algorithm which is used to decode convolutional codes. It is found that they generally give good results in environment of lower noise. OVERVIEW OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODES Convolution codes represent one method within the general class of codes. Channel codes which are also called error-correction codes allow reliable communication of an information sequence over that channel which adds noise, bring in bit errors, or otherwise deform the transmitted signal. These codes have many applications which include deep-space communication and voice band modems. Convolutional codes are commonly prà ©cised by the following three parameters; (n, k, m). n = output bits k = input bits m= memory registers L=constraint length The quantity k/n which is called code rate is a measure of the capability of the codes. Usually range of n and k is from 1 to 8 and range of m is from 2 to 10 and the code rate from 1/8 to 7/8 except for deep space application where the code rates as low as 1/100 or even longer has been engaged. Often the manufactures of the Convolutional code chips specify the codes by the following parameters n, k, L. The quantity L is the constraint length of the code and is defined by Constraint length, L = k*(m-1). The constraint length L stand for the bits in the encoder memory that effects the production of n output bits. The constraint length L is also indicated by the letter K. 3.2.1 CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING ENCODER STRUCTURE Convolutional codes protect by adding unwanted bits as any binary code. A rate k/n Convolutional encoder develops the input series of k-bit information symbols through one or more binary shift registers. The convolutional encoder calculates every n-bits representation (n > k) of the output series from linear process on the present input symbol and the contents of the shift register(s). Therefore, a k-bit input symbol is processed by a rate k/n convolutional encoder and computes an n-bit out put symbol with every shift update. Figure shows a non recursive convolutional encoder having rate of 1/2. For the encoder above, shows state variations and resulting output code words. Sequence U for the message sequence m=1 1 0 1 1 Solution Table 3.1 Branch word at time ti u1 u2 State at Time ti+1 State at Time ti Register Contents Input Bit mi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 U = 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 POLYNOMIAL REPRESENTATION Sometimes, the encoder characters are characterized by initiator polynomial. Representation of an encoder can be done with a set of n initiator polynomial, one for each of the n modulo-2 adders. Each polynomial is of degree K-1 or less and tell about the connection of encoding shift register to that modulo-2 adder as the connection vector normally do. The coefficient of all the terms is either 1 or 0 of the degree polynomial depending upon whether connection exists or doesnt. For example in figure 4.1, we can write the generator polynomial g1(X) for the upper connections and g2(X) for the lower connections as follow. g1(X) = 1+X+X2 g2(X) = 1+ X2 The output sequence is found as follow U(X) = m(X) g1(X) interlaced with m(X) g2(X) Let the message vector m = 101 as a polynomial is represented as m(X) = 1+ X2 Then output polynomial U(X), of the figure 4.1 encoder can be calculated for the input message m is given as under. m(X) g1(X) = (1+ X2 )( 1+X+X2) = 1+X+X3+X4 m(X) g2(X) = (1+ X2 ) (1+ X2 ) = 1+ X4 m(X) g1(X) = 1+X+0X2+X3+X4 m(X) g2(X) = 1+0X+0X2+0X3+ X4 U(X) = (1, 1) + (1, 0) X + (0, 0) X2 + (1, 0) X3 + (1, 1) X4 U = 11 10 00 10 11 We demonstrated the encoder with polynomial initiators as also described for cyclic codes. Graphically there are three ways in which we can look at the encoder to gain better understanding of its operations. These are (a) State diagram (b) Tree diagram (c) Trellis diagram 3.2.2 STATE DIAGRAM Convolution encoders are finite-state technology. Hence state diagram offers significant insight into their performance. The states showed in the diagram symbolize the probable contents of right most K-1 stages of register, and paths represent the output symbols coming from such state changes. The states of registers are nominated as a=00, b=10, c=01 and d=11. There are only two conversions originating from every state, corresponding to two probable input bits. Output branch word is written next to every path state that is linked with the state transition. In below figure, we have used the complete line which denotes a path linked with input bit, 0 and a doted line is to a path with an input bit, 1. Observe that it is impossible in a single transition state to move forward from a given state to any random state. 3.2.3 THE TREE DIAGRAM One cannot easily use the state diagram for tracing back the encoder transitions as a function of time because it has only one disadvantage i.e. it cannot maintain the history record while the state diagram fully characterize encoder. State diagram is the advance form of tree diagram; it adds the dimensions of time than tree diagram. As the custom these trees also traverse from left to right at each bit inputs and each branch of the tree is describing the output branch. Following rule can be used to find the sequence of codeword; for an input bit of zero, its related branch word can be obtained by advancing to subsequent rightmost branch in the up direction. For an input bit of 1, its branch word can be obtained in the down direction. If we assume that the major contents of encoder are zeros, the diagram shows if initial input bit to the encoder is set to zero, the output will be 00 and if the initial input bit is a one, the output will be 11. Also if the initial bit input is one and next input is zero, the next output bit is one; the next output branch word is 01.By following these steps we observe that input bit stream 11011 traces bold line on the tree. This path matches to the output codeword sequence 1101010001. CHAPTER 4 VITERBI DECODER 4.1 VITERBI DECODING ALGORITHM This algorithm was revealed by Viterbi in 1967. The Viterbi algorithm performs maximum likelihood decoding. By taking benefit of the structure in the code trellis it also reduces the computational load. The benefit of Viterbi decoding is that its difficulty is not a function of the information of symbols in the code word sequence. The algorithm includes calculating a distance, or measure of resemblance b/w the received signal, and every the trellis paths entering each state at the same time. Those trellis paths that could not possibly by candidates for the maximum likelihood choice, viterbi algorithm removes them from consideration when two paths are entering the same state then the one having the best metric is selected and that path is called the surviving path. This choice of surviving path is carry out for every state. The complexity of the decoder is reduced by the remove paths with maximum unlikeliness. The decoder continues in this way to go forward into the trellis and making decision by eradicating the slightest likely paths. In fact in 1969, Omura also demonstrated that the Viterbi algorithm is maximum likelihood. The objective of selecting the optimum path can be articulated by selecting codeword which as minimum distance metric. 4.2 EXAMPLE OF VITERBI CONVOLUTIONAL DECODING Binary Symmetric Channel is assumed for simplicity thus hamming distance is a suitable measured distance .A similar trellis which we are using in encoder can also be used in decoder, as shown in figure 4.5. We set up at time t1 in 00 state referring to trellis diagram. Flushing in encoder is very important because it tells the decoder about the starting state because in this example there are only two likely transitions departing any state and not all the branches need to shown firstly. The full trellis structure starts after time t3. Central idea following the decoding procedure can be demonstrated by seeing the figure 4.1 encoder trellis in contrast with the figure 4.2 decoder trellis. It is suitable at each time interval, for the decoder to label every branch with hamming distance b/w the received input code symbols and the current transition word matching to the same transition at encoder end. The example in figure 4.2 shows the equivalent codeword sequence U, a message sequence m, and a noise distorted received sequence Z = 11 01 01 10 01 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . Code symbols that will come from the encoder output which are results of state transitions are the encoder branch words As the code symbols are received they are accumulated by the decoder and are labeled on trellis branch. That is for each and every branch of the decoder trellis it will be marked with a matrix of likeliness i.e. Hamming distance. From the received sequence Z, we observe that code symbols received as the convolutional output at time t1 are 11, shown in figure 4.2. With the aim of labeling the decoder branches at time t1 with the least Hamming distance metric, we glance at the encoder state diagram figure encoder trellis. At this point we observe that a state 00-00 transition gives an output branch word of 00, but we are receiving 11. Consequently, on the decoder trellis we label 00—00 transition with hamming distance of 0. Observing encoder trellis, a state 00—10 transition yields an hamming distance of 1 with the output of 11. Hence, on the decoder trellis, we also label the state 00—01 transition with a Hamming distance of 0. So, the metric entered on the decoder trellis branch tells compares the corrupted and correct distances received associated with the branch transmitted with the branch word. To all intents and purposes, these metrics describes a correlation. The decoding algorithm finds the minimum distance path in order to correctly decode the data. The foundation of Viterbi decoding is that between any two paths which are ending up to the same state, path with minimum hamming distance will always be selected and other one will be discarded. Its example can be seen in figure 4.3 below. 4.3 Decoder Implementation In the decoding context the transitions during any of the time interval can be combined into 2^v-1 disjoint cells, where each cell is dissipating four of the possible transitions, where v is called the encoder memory. 4.3.1 Add-Compare-Select Computation Starting with the K=3, 2—cell example, figure 4.4 below shows the logic unit that corresponds to cell 1. The logic executes the special purpose calculation called add-compare-select (ACS). The state metric is calculated by adding the previous-time state metric of state a, to the branch metric and the previous-time state metric of state c, to the branch metric, this fallout in two possible path metrics as candidates for the new state metric. These two results are compared in the logic units of figure 4.4. The biggest likelihood (smallest distance) of the two path metrics is saved as the new state metric for the state a. Also shown in the figure 4.4 is the cell-1 add compare select logic that tells the new state metric and the new path history. This ACS process is also performed for the paths in other cells. The oldest bit on the path with the smallest state metric forms the decoder output. 4.3.2 Add-compare-select as seen Trellis Consider the same example for describing viterbi decoding. The codeword sequence was U = 1101010001, the message sequence was m = 11011 and received was Z = 1101011001. Figure 4.5 give a picture of a decoding trellis diagram. Most important point in the decoding through trellis tree is its hamming distance. This is the distance between received code symbols and their equivalent branch words. Trellis tells the value at every state x and for each time to time t1 to t6. We do ACS operation when we have two transitions ending up to the same state. And we get these types of situations after t4 transition and after that. For instance at time t4 the value for the state metric is obtained by incrementing sate t3. Similar operation is done for the state t2. The ACS process chose the minimum hamming distance path which also has maximum likelihood. The paths with minimum hamming distances are shown with bold lines and the paths with minimum likelihood are shown with faded lines. Trellis trees a re always observed from left to right. At any time when we want to check our decoder output we initiate with those states which has smallest paths. If we look at the figure below we can see that at time t6 path with minimum hamming distance has survived with distance =1. CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION METHODOLOGY 5.1 MATLAB SIMULATION 5.1.1 CONVOLUTONAL ENCODER VERTERBI DECODER We have implemented Convolutional encoder and viterbi decoder as source code. Matlab code also compares our viterbi decoder output with the built in decoder output by comparing bit error rates in our project. Making Matlab code and generating different code words for different symbols using convolutional codes and then decoding them with errors using viterbi decoder was the first step in our project. We have taken input from the user which will be coded by the convolutional encoder. Here we have generated random bits. Then the coded data will be decoded at the viterbi decoder. At the decoder side we have corrupted different bits by simply inverting them manually. Just to check what will be the bit error rate if different bits will be corrupted. Then we have compared our built in decoder function with our decoder code efficiency. In the receiver side we have used viterbi decoding algorithm to decode the transmitted signal. After these two steps (encoding and decoding) original data is obtained, which have errors if low SNR is used. 5.2 VHDL SIMULATION Our second step regarding to this project was to make synthesizable code of encoder and decoder in vhdl. For this we have used modelsim. Here we have implemented same logic as we used in matlab. 5.3 FPGA In the end we have burned our code in field programmable gate array. We made a synthesizable code in vhdl of our matlab logic and implemented on fpga. MATLAB RESULTS Here is the result of our matlab codes. If one bit is corrupted data_str = 111011010101000001111101101010101000101100111011010001000100011001111111110101100010101111100101010011101011101001000110 conv_code_str = 100110010001000010001000111100000011001010100100000100100010011000101100101000010111100110010001000010110011111100111011011101011111001010101010111001001000000111001110011000011010110111111000110010111101110100100001110100101111111100110101 msg_rec = 11101101010100000111110110 101010100010110011101 10100010 0010001 10 011 1111111010110001010111110 0101010 01110101110 1001000110 Message/ber retrieved with Verterbi_link_cont1 ber = 0 Message/ber retrieved with Vitdec ber =0 If two bits are corrupted data_str = 100010111000000011101000101100010010100110101101110110110010001100010010010011111001100001101000001001111000101011011101 conv_code_str = 100011001110011110011100011000001101111100101100100000010111010110111110010011110101010000010100000001000101011101111110101011010111010110111110100110111101110010011111001111000011001100101100011011101111000010011100100000100001001001100100 msg_rec = 10001011100000001110100010110001001010011010110 1110110110 0 10 001100010 010010011111001100001101000 001 0011110001 010110 11 1 0 1 Message/ber retrieved with Verterbi_link_cont1 ber = 0 Message/ber retrieved with Vitdec ber = 0.2667 if 3 bits are corrupted data_str = 101100011101110010110100100110010010001010111010011011111000000000110110000110101111100000100010100011001001111110001100 conv_code_str = 100110010111010011100100000111111110011011001011100101110101100000111110101101100010011000010010100011010001110100011100011110000000101011000101101110110101010110011010111001000000100101001110010101001101000001101111000100101001101101010111 msg_rec = 1110011111 01110 0 1 0 11010010011011 0 01010101011101 000 111 011 10 00100000110110100110111010100000100010 11011001110 0111110101100 Message/ber retrieved with Verterbi_link_cont1 ber = 0.1750 Message/ber retrieved with Vitdec ber = 0.2000 As the errors in bits increases bit error rate also increases. Appendix A Matlab Code %*********************************************************************************** %** CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING TRELLIS DIAGRAM IMPLEMENTATION %************************************************************************************ function [code]= Conv_Enc(message1) % K=3 Length of Shift Register % # of states = 2^(K-1) = 4 % State can be considered as first two or last two bits of the shift register % 1/n Convolutional Encoder, Rate = 1/2 % n= length of generated codeword for i=1:length(message1) message(i)= num2str(message1(i)); end state=00; next_state=00; code1=[]; message=[message 00]; message=[message]; for t=1:length(message) inp= message(t); state=next_state; if(state==00) if(inp==0) next_state=00; outp=00; else next_state=10; outp= 11; end elseif(state==10) if(inp==0) next_state=01; outp=10; else next_state=11; outp= 01; end elseif(state==01) if(inp==0) next_state=00; outp=11; else next_state=10; outp= 00; end elseif(state==11) if(inp==0) next_state=01; outp=01; else next_state=11; outp= 10; end end code1= [code1 outp]; end for i=1:length(code1) code(i)= str2num(code1(i)); end % code=code1; %*********************************************************************************** %***************** DECODER IMPLEMENTATION*********************** %************************************************************************************ function [messa