Leave This Chanting

Gitanjali is a collection of 103 English poems, largely translations, by the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. ‘Leave this chanting’ is the 11th poem in the collection. The poet advises the priests to give up their counting of beads and their singing and chanting of mantras. He also urges them stop the worship of God in a secluded corner of the temple, with their eyes half shut. He sharply states, ‘Open your eyes and see God is not there before you. ’ God is not to be found in this way.God lives with the humble and down-trodden like the tillers of the land and path-makers who work hard at breaking stones. He lives with those who toil in sun and shower and whose clothes are soiled with dust. If the priest wants God he must come out of his temple, give up his holy robes and work with the humble tillers of the soil in rain and sun. Tagore thus glorifies the life of the humble labourers and rejects the ascetic way of life. The ultimate spiritual goal of the asce tic is to seek deliverance.This is the liberation of the soul from the cycle of birth and death. But God Himself is bound to all of us in chains of love. He himself is not free and He has joyfully bound Himself to the work of creation and to the objects He has created. How can then man ever hope to be free from bondage? He urges the ascetics to leave the ritualistic flowers and incense which does not serve any purpose. According to the poet one can find God not in the temple but with the workers who are working whole day in the dirt and under the hot sun.He asks us what harm is there if you work under the sun and if your clothes become dirt. Even when your clothes are turn out or stained there is no harm because one is going to see the creator. Thus Tagore conveys that participation in the activity of life is essential for the realization of God. This poem ‘Leave This Chanting’ is equally important in World Literature due to his exposing the pseudo-zeal of worshippers e verywhere.

Eternal Law and Human Law

Eternal Law and Human Law As humans live in this world, laws and regulations are strictly enforced for the justice, safety, and rights of the humans. Whether those laws are eternal or temporal, all laws require standards. Saint Augustine’s On the Free Choice of the Will discusses these standards and defines what each laws mean. Most importantly, Augustine argues that eternal law is necessary for temporal law to exist and for the nation to function properly. I agree with Augustine’s argument on the necessity of both eternal law and human law and the belief of how temporal law is based on eternal law.According to Augustine, eternal law is a law that is just, unchanging, and follows the proper ordering and reasoning. This eternal law is also what the ordering of everything is based on. He also believes that when one pursues his or her life based on eternal things, such as truth, knowledge, and love, then they are living a life under eternal law. However, if one decides to live a life of desire for temporal things, such as money, possessions, and physical appearances, then they are living under a temporal law where their happiness will not last long.This law, which is interchangeable with human law, makes a nation well ordered, where the people are allowed to designate officials with their own choices and obtain many other rights. Eternal and human laws proposed by Augustine are essential to society; though both essential, Augustine differentiates the two. Augustine explains that eternal law bases its standards on God and He is the ruler of this law; this law is the law by which God rules all creation. It can also be characterized as the â€Å"divine reason or the will of God, a will which enjoins the natural order† (Fitzgerald & Cavadini, 583).On the other hand, temporal law is subject to change in such instances as the election of a new president, or institution of new laws. While eternal law both regulates human affairs and governs eternal t hings, human law is solely limited to the regulation of human affairs. Eternal law is immutable and irreversible; there are no officials or a president to eternal law because God is the standard, and therefore it is unchanging. Eternal law is universally applicable where human law differs in between nations and countries, even tates. Though there are many differences between eternal law and human law, Augustine elaborates that eternal law is both necessary and crucial for human law to exist. He believes that what is considered just in human law is derived from eternal law. In other words, â€Å"eternal law is the measure of the temporal law’s justice† (Dilman, 77). What is considered temporal may be revised in accordance with the changing circumstances of men and their social arrangements, but still remain just by the measure of eternal law.Human law exists because eternal law is present to us right now in this moment. Augustine concludes that eternal law is just; ther efore everything is ordered in the highest degree under this law. I agree with Augustine in that eternal law encompasses human law. Reading through Augustine’s On Free Choice of the Will, I was convinced that eternal law is unchanging because it is independent of the changing circumstances of men, but temporal laws are constantly changing as years pass by because we face new generations.Therefore, there must be a boundary where temporal law can base on. And that boundary is eternal law. For clarity, an example of human law and eternal law can be compared. A well-known law that everyone should follow is that of the legal drinking age. In the United States, the legal drinking age is 21, however, in other countries such as Mexico, the legal drinking age is 18. Human law is different between many countries and it is temporal because people in United States are raising their voices to lower the drinking age to 18.Therefore, the legal drinking age law is subject to change as citize ns are constantly bringing up this topic. However, in eternal law there is no drinking age but it is telling the rational human being to not to become addicted to drinking and to find healthier desires other than the consumption of alcohol. Under eternal law, drinking is not what life is all about; there are so many other significant tasks and experiences that human beings need to fulfill during their life times in this world.Eternal law says to love eternal things, not what is a temporal joy. With this example, I am arguing that human law is based on eternal law because human law establishes the legal drinking age so that young generations can find what their true wisdom is before being introduced to worldly pleasures and find themselves lost without having realized the true purpose of their existence. To follow temporal law is to love the creature and the creation more than the Creator.The desire for artificial and materialistic things will lead to discontent, both for the individ ual and the society as a whole. However, if all men loved only eternal things, then there would be no need for temporal law, which governs our daily lives. Therefore, temporal law is necessary to restrain the actions of those men who love temporal things. Temporal law is not meant to punish men who do love temporal things, but is rather for the criminal actions that men commit because of their excessive desires for these things.This all comes back to the idea that God created the universe and He is the man of eternal law, and we need to love him more than any other things in this world. Great benefits and blessings will be rewarded to those men that earnestly seek for wisdom, love, genuine virtues, and truth than to those men that live wrongfully longing only for wealth, lust, physical beauty and many earthly things. In conclusion, it is both crucial that laws govern society and important that laws order human choices and interpersonal relations.But it is more valuable that eternal law governs these laws of society because it is always present, ultimate standard and suffers no exceptions. Therefore eternal law is necessary for human laws to exist and control the corrupted society for the better. Works Cited Dilman, Ilham. â€Å"Free Will: An Historical and Philosophical Introduction. † Google Books. Routledge, n. d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. Fitzgerald, Allan D. , and John C. Cavadini. â€Å"Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia. † Google Books. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , n. d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013.

Breast reconstruction Essay

Breast reconstruction Essay Post-mastectomy Breast reconstruction Essay is not a simple procedure. Reconstruction of a breast is done when the natural breast has to be removed due to cancer or other diseases. Breast removal is referred to as mastectomy. The best candidates are women whose cancer has been eliminated by breast removal. Women with other health conditions such as obesity, high blood pressure or smoking, may be advised to wait. Surgeons are now able to create a breast that can come close to looking like a natural breast. Reconstruction can be done immediately following mastectomy. The patient will wake up with a breast mound already in place. So the woman does not have to go through the trauma of waking up without her other breast. A tissue expander is inserted following the mastectomy to prepare for reconstruction. The expander is gradually filled with saline through a separate tube to stretch the skin enough to accept an implant beneath the chest muscle. After the surgery the breast mound is restored. The areola is reconstructed at a later date. With flap surgery, tissue is taken from the back and tunneled to the front of the chest wall to support the reconstructed breast. The transported tissue forms a flap for a breast implant, or it may provide enough bulk to form the breast mound without an implant. Tissue may be taken from the abdomen and tunneled to the breast or surgically transplanted to form a new breast mound. After surgery, the breast mound, and areola are restored. Scars at the breast, and abdomen will fade with time, but may never disappear entirely. Your reconstructed breast may feel firmer and look rounder or flatter than your natural breast. It may not have the same shape as your breast before mastectomy, and it will not match your other breast. But the difference will only be noticeable to you. For most mastectomy patients, breast reconstruction dramatically improves their appearance and quality of life following surgery. After your surgery you are likely to feel tiered and sore for a week or two after reconstruction. Youll probably be released from the hospital in two to five days. Many reconstruction options require a surgical drain to remove excess fluids from surgical sites immediately following the operation; they are removed within the first week or two after surgery. If youd like more information on this you can contact the American Society of plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons and get a free brochure. Bibliography: .

Temple of Zeus at Akragas, Agrigento, Sicily 500-460 B.C Essay

Temple of Zeus at Akragas, Agrigento, Sicily 500-460 B.C - Essay Example In Agrigento, Sicily, one of the most ancient architectural designs stands there even today, attracting thousands of people from across the globe. Historically, the town is famous for its splendid assortment of more than seven Greek temples that dates back to the sixth and fifth centuries BC. Standing on the southern part of the city of Agrigento, these temples provide a classic example of a historical study about ancient architectural designs, and how they influences modern day architecture (Wilson 7). Many historians believe that the Greek colonialists are the ones who built the city of Akragas in 580 BC. These colonialists had travelled from far, precisely from Rhodes and settled in Sicily. Life during the colonial times was not any easy, as tyranny, persecutions and slavery took the orders of the day. However, these periods happened and democracy settled in slowly and the city dwellers, about 200,000 of them in the fifth century BC, embarked on a journey of developing their city. High-quality wine, olives, and horses decorated the beautiful city, and later on the most famous and beautiful temples stood elected. However, something astonishing happened in 406 BC. The Carthaginians invaded Akragas just barely eight months after the construction of the temples, and mutilated the temples. The Carthaginians ruled the city until 340 BC when Timoleon engaged the Carthage in war and finally defeated them. However, it is important to note that the city had lost its glory and magnificent scene, a scene that stands unrecovered even up to today. The change o one empire to another has not helped in the rebuilding of the temples. However, these temples still have a historical significance to modern day historians and architectural designers (Paton 74-94). In Italy, historians agree that the Olympian Zeus Temple is the prevalent Doric temple ever built and it has some historical significance. However, it is paramount to note that due to various reasons, the construction of these temple never ended. In fact, today, the temple of Zeus lies in ruins as the people responsible for its construction did not do much to compete it. Standing in the Valle dei Templi, other famous temples surround the temple of Zeus thus giving the later a sheer significance. Nonetheless, it is imperative to note that nobody recorded the exact history this temple, and therefore it is quite unclear. This does not however imply that there are no absolute facts about the temple of Zeus. In fact, one of its significance is the commemoration of war pitting Syracuse and Carthaginians (Battle of Himera 480 BC). As earlier noted the Carthaginians had taken control of the city and imposed their rule. Some historians such as Diodorus Siculus point out that the Carthaginians are the ones who built the temple by using slaves. Here, the slaves were mainly the captured enemies parading as soldiers but were now defeated and taken into captivity where they subjected them into hard work and labo r (Wilson 48-61). The ancient literature does not say much about the temple of Zeus although many historians mention it in their writings. For example, Polybius, one of the Greek historians records in a memo that although the other temples surrounding the temple of Zeus looked complete and beautiful unlike the temple of Zeus, the later was completely odd in terms of appearance, design and dimensions. He goes on to say

Women and careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women and careers - Essay Example Literature does not only show their differences in ideologies but it also reflects the similarities of such ideas among men and women in the past and present times. Today, the interest in the subject is becoming more and more intense as people seek to pursue all the happiness they can have in this world. One movie series that speaks about such especially concerning women is â€Å"Sex and the City†. It portrays the lives of four female friends who openly talk about sex and their relationship. It presents the concerns of women that men often ignore and disregard. Moreover, it also pictures how modern women value work and their womanhood in the pursuit of their happiness. The main characters, Carrie Bradshaw played by Jessica Parker, Kim Cattrall as Samantha Jones, Kristin Davies as Charlotte York and Cynthia Nixon as Miranda Hobbes, in the movie series mentioned earlier perhaps reflects the modern women’s struggles that they often experience as they express themselves and assert their worth in the world. The four women who are all past the age of thirty try to live normal lives as all the others around them do. They work as professionals and compete with men in their work places but they also struggle with them when it comes to their relationships. They have different ideas about love and sex which portrays the different ideas of modern women. For instance, Miranda is presented as a successful corporate lawyer who worked so hard that she has forgotten all about marriage. In her mid-thirty, she was still unmarried. Jones on the other hand is an executive who tries to act like men do, having sex with them like the relationship is not about feelings and emotions or treating each other as lovers. In the first episode of season 1, the character of Jones is presented as the most liberated among the four friends and perhaps reflects many women in modern times who really think that they are competitive with men not only in terms of profession and achievemen ts but also in terms of sex. If men perceive women as sex objects, she believes that women could also do the same as evidenced by her advice to her friends. She even gives an example about how she goes about her relationships, mentioning Drew, an ex-lover whom she slept with for a time in her past and then left him matter-of-factly, forgetting about him just like when one changes her clothes and disposes them (youtube.com). On the other hand, York plays the romantic kind of character who thinks that sex should be expressed with love. She is quite the emotional kind among the friends and often brings about the other concerns, about the more important matters in the issues being raised among their discussions. In the example given above, she reacts with Bradshaw in clear bewilderment saying that they should consider love and romance also. Perhaps the attitude of women acting like men, thinking that they can be as unemotional when it comes to sex is just a facade to show their competit iveness. Although deep inside, women are hurting because they are treated like objects, they tend not to accept it but rather deny that they are really emotionally affected. In effect, they try to act as the men do and show that they can also hurt men. However, along the process, men are also hurt because they are also human beings who have feelings. Bradshaw verbally expressed her being a human being and asserted that she should be treated as such by her lovers like her long time lover, Big and still another lover, Alexander Petrovsky (youtube.com). Although men never show such concern or verbally express such feelings, they are not devoid of feelings so that they also need such attention. However, probably, what makes things

Common Law - business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Common Law - business - Assignment Example Respondeat superior and quifacit per alium facit per se are the two principles that vicarious liability is based on. According to respondeat superior, a superior is responsible for the acts committed by his subordinates. Quifacit per alium facit per se means that if someone does something through another, then he does it through himself (Giliker, 2010). The rules that the court applies in deciding if the blame for a tortuous act can be shifted from the employee to the employer are: Control Test: Was the employee under the control of the employer when the tortuous act was committed? Control is the key characteristic that the court will consider. The employer must have the control and the ability to exert authority over the employee. That is the employer controls the actions of the employee’s work. He must instruct the employee on what to work on and how to work on. Control, authority and direction are necessary liability conditions (Giliker, 2010). Employment Test: An employer will only be liable to acts of employees and not independent contractor. That is, employees have a ‘contract of service’ while an independent contractor will have a â€Å"contract for service’. Course of employment: Employer is liable only if the tort was committed in the course of the employment. That is the blame can be shifted from the employee to the employer if the tortuous act was authorised by the employer or the authorised act was done in a wrongful way (Smith & Thomas, 2007). 3b. Occupier’s liability act of 1957: This act deals with the liability of the occupier to the lawful visitors. The act treats all visitors as a single entity irrespective of them being invitees, contractors and licensees. It is not applicable to illegal visitors such as trespassers. It imposes duty of care on the occupier. According to the act, an occupier is one who has reasonable control on the premises and must have had the ability to avoid or prevent the danger. Common Duty of Care: An occupier owes a common duty of care to all legal visitors wherein care must be taken by the occupier to ensure that the visitor is safe in using the premises for which he was invited under all reasonable circumstances (Harpwood, 2008). Warnings: Occupiers are not held liable if harm is caused to a visitor if he/she had been warned about the danger. The visitor under all circumstances must be able to avoid the danger based on warnings. But apart from warnings extra care must be taken if the danger is unusual or extreme (Harpwood, 2000). Children and professional exercising their duty: Exceptions are made to children and persons who are exercising a skill or trade. With children, the occupier must ensure that children are safe considering the fact they are less careful than adults. For Example, in Glasgow Corpn v Taylor (1922) a child died after eating poisonous berries from a bush in a public park. The bush was not fenced and hence did not take care in safeguarding c hildren. The occupiers were held responsible (Harpwood, 2000). With persons exercising their duties the occupier can expect the person to be aware of special risks associated with the skill. For example, an electrician repairing an electric socket must be aware of the danger of dealing with electrical equipment and must be careful in dealing with it. Independent Contractors: The occupier cannot be held liable if the danger or harm is caused by the work of an independent contractor

Making career Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Making career - Personal Statement Example These entry-level positions are actually glorified secretarial jobs wherein responsibilities include making sure that ads move smoothly through the execution process. Accordingly, depending on the agency an account executive or an account coordinator may be given some competitive-analysis responsibility (see the job post in this website: http://jobs.guardian.co.uk/job/320526/press-media-account-executive-various-accounts-to-24k) Indeed, according to a book published by Wetfeet, Inc. on careers in advertising and PR, "the lower you are on the account [management] totem pole, the more it's about execution. The higher you are, the more it's about strategy." (p. 99) In analysing a job advertisement in fig. 1, it is easy to understand that people entering account management must have strong social skills, since a good chunk of their job involves managing people. As one insider said, "As you move up in account management, one of your responsibilities becomes managing people below you. But even the lowest levels, you're managing people in other departments." They should be able to think like fashion entrepreneurs/designers and creatives since they have to deal with both camps. As Wetfeet, Inc., a leading PR firm emphasized, in terms of personality, creatives and clients are often diametrically opposed and the better direction you give the creatives, the better ads you get. With these facts on hand, I conclude that people with their sights set on advertising account management in the fashion industry should be organised and good at multitasking, because they'll be working on a variety of things simultaneously. In addition, account management candidates should have a good understanding of marketing and selling fashion merchandise, since the job is about helping clients sell their goods and selling the agency to others. TASK 2: It has been said that The Good Girl or The Good Boy syndrome hardly ever lands an employee to top leadership post and even slows down professional growth and career progress in the advertising industry. Here an employee place more value on being in good terms, and therefore agreeable, with his superiors at the expense of searching for new and better ideas that will benefit his company or the product that the company markets. In the advertising industry, where innovation is very important, the pathway to a better career trajectory is to adopt the contrarian position - the ad man who finds new path, ends up moving the company or a product ahead. I believe that bringing this unique perspective to work in the advertising field offers growth opportunities and expands possibilities for the company that I will work for as opposed to maintaining the status quo or being docile in the fast-paced and cutthroat competition in the advertising world. One of my resource persons confirmed this line of thinking as she told her own success story. Alexa Simons was an assistant account manager for a mid-size advertising agency. Their accounts, however, were impressive. Her team, for instance, services the PR and advertising needs of a perfume line. About a year ago, this client decided to decentralise their advertising in the management's belief that the advertising efforts are not delivering quantified returns. Alexa's superior accepted the decision and devised strategies that worked around what the client wanted. However, after a month Alexa took the initiative of reviewing consumer research and found that certain critical measures had declined sharply after the

Data Mining - Questions to answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Mining - Questions to answer - Essay Example Back-Propagated Delta Rule Networks (BP) is an example for multiple perceptron which contains additional hidden layers. It can function effectively compared to the single layer. In the prediction process of neural networks to make accurate prediction the training cases are increased which eventually leads to overfitting (George N. Karystinos, 2000). This occurs when the number of input variables is large compared to the training cases or when the input layers are highly correlated with each other. In methods like kernel regression and smoothing splines, the under fitting and overfitting of neural networks is usually encountered. The overfitting occurs in more complex networks. This leads to unprecedented predictions or wild predictions. Data cleansing is the process of removing inaccurate and inappropriate data records, which is an integral process of data processing and maintenance. In large data sets, the process of finding error and correcting the same needs interaction with the domain experts which is an expensive and time consuming process. Since it involves a comprehensive assignment of identifying and rectifying errors and hence the task is complex. Initially these operations are carried out manually and later computational means of data cleansing evolved and even this process are time consuming and error prone (Heiko Mller et al ). 3. What is the significance of Bayes Theorem in Data Mining Give an example of how statistical inference can be used for Data Mining. Most of the presently available statistical models in data mining are prone to overfitting and also unstable (sensitive to minor changes in the data). These difficulties can be overcome in the Bayesian methods of statistical mining. The reliability of these algorithms has been reviewed (J. Kolter and M. Maloof, 2003). The Bayesian algorithm facilitates integration of clustering and produces scalable powerful algorithm apt for data mining. Capturing correlation of large number of variables is possible using the Bayesian method. Example: In the search process of similar sequences (gene or protein sequences) in a sequence database, the data mining algorithm works by searching for similar matches which is based on the statistical preferences (e- value). Lower the expected value higher the relationship between the query and the retrieved results. Since the data involved is a mere combination of string only statistical measures ensures comparative account of the data sets. 4. Explain the concept of a Maximum Likelihood Estimator with an example. This is practically applied in prediction of phylogenetic relationships of protein sequences by tree algorithms. The maximum likelihood estimator forms the basis for the evolutionary prediction algorithms. The likelihood function predicts the relative function of all the given datasets (protein sequences). The algorithm eventually finds the most likely relative to the other sequences in the datasets by maximum likelihood estimator and hence it is easy to predict the ancestral route as well as how

Advice on Advancing Funds against Military Retirees Pensions Case Study

Advice on Advancing Funds against Military Retirees Pensions - Case Study Example Unconscionability is a legal principle in contract law relating to conditions which are so much unfair or substantially skewed to benefit the party with greater bargaining power. As such, the contracts made therefrom negate the values of good conscience in the contract. Generally, an unconscionable agreement is considered to be invalid because the disadvantaged party would not have agreed to it under reasonable circumstances. As such, the party with greater bargaining power is not usually permitted by courts to enjoy the benefit(s) because the contract lacks sufficient consideration by the other party for a fair share of the risks and benefits. Unconscionable contracts are determined by assessing the conditions of the contractors when the agreement was made, such as each party’s knowledge or mental competence, age, and bargaining power. Other equally vital factors are; lack of options and acts of inducement. Wasik noted that unconscionable behavior is also occasioned by misrepresentation of fact and fraud, especially where intentional distortion of fact results in the loss of a valuable asset. When an individual or party benefits from a contract to the detriment of another, the perpetrator may be liable for criminal fraud or deceit in a civil action. In Universal Grading Service v. eBay, Inc., 2009 U.S., eBay’s actions of influencing the value of the coin in its online auction processes were found to be conscionable because it was not fraudulent. In this case, the test for unconscionability will depend on whether the military retirees had the ability to match the Client’s when they were forming the contract.  

Doctor of Philosophy in Naturology Essay Example for Free

Doctor of Philosophy in Naturology Essay Iridology is the scientific analysis of patterns and structures in the iris of the eye, which locates areas, and stages of inflammation throughout the body. The iris is the portion of the eye showing color. It reveals body constitution, inherent strengths and weaknesses, health levels, and transitions that take place in a persons body according to their way of life. HOW DID IT ORIGINATE? In the 1800s, a young boy, Ignatz Von Peczely, happened to catch an owl in his garden. The boy clearly saw a black line rising in the owls eye after accidentally breaking its leg during the struggle. He kept the bird until it had regained its health and then observed the appearance of crocked white lines across the black area in the owls eye. Von Peczely later became a physician and had the opportunity to study the irises of many patients. He grew certain that there existed a reflex relationship between tissue changes in the body and iris markings and developed the first iris chart, which has been continually researched and revised over the years. HOW DOES IT WORK? The complex iris is composed of hundreds of thousands of nerve endings, which are connected by impulses to every tissue of the body through the brain and nervous system. The nerve fibers, or trabecula, respond specifically to tissue and organ conditions with a corresponding physiological reflex manifested in the iris as lesions and color variations. The iris chart, which is the result of many years of clinical observation and intensive research by Dr. Bernard Jensen and others, represents the basic placement of body organs and tissues similar to a map. An accurate iris analysis is possible by superimposing the chart over an iris image projection, allowing detailed observation of the valuable and reliable data recorded there. WHAT WILL IT SHOW? A complete iris analysis will show whether a person exhibits a generally good constitution or a poor one, depending upon the density of the iris fibers, the patterns, structures, colors and degrees of lightness and darkness in the iris tell if an area of the body is inherently strong or weak. It also reveals the relative site of over-activity, irritation, injury or degeneration of the tissues and organs. Toxic accumulation levels can he observed as well as nutritional and chemical imbalances. WHAT WILL IT NOT SHOW? Iridology will not show or name a specific disease but provides information about the body tissues, which indicate tendencies toward conditions of disease, often before symptoms appear. Iridology will not reveal surgery performed under anesthesia as nerve impulses are discontinued. Iridology cannot locate parasites, gallstones, or germ life, but will indicate the presence of inflammation and toxic conditions, which are a refuge for their development. It will not show pregnancy, as that is a normal function of the female body HOW CAN IT HELP ME? Iridology is potentially an integral part of preventive health care. It has the ability to forewarn of approaching difficulties or signs of disease. Iridology can be a powerful tool, allowing one to determine what is transpiring inside the body from a simple, painless, and economical external vantage point. In effect, iridology will reveal how well your body functions. Improper nutrition and lack of exercise undermines the bodys integrity until eventually it becomes unable to reverse damaging toxic conditions through its own natural self-healing mechanisms, becoming susceptible to ailments of a chronic nature. Therefore, nutrition and iridology are inseparable in ones pursuit of a healthy way of life and holistic health care program. Iridology helps us understand our weakness so we may strengthen and cleanse our bodies to obtain our maximum health potential. It brings to us an awareness of how to prevent illness, thus allowing us to earn our most precious earthly treasurevibrant physical, mental and spiritual health! Methodology: Definition of Iridology: According to Medical Dictionary, Iridology is the practice of diagnosing disease by examining the iris of the eye. Although some diseases do affect the eye, iridology is not considered scientific medicine. What is Iridology or Iris Analysis? Iridology is the study of the iris of the eye. Iri and iris come from the Greek name of the goddess of the rainbow, Iris. The Greeks noted eyes come in many, many colors. And logy also comes from the Greek, meaning study of. Literally translated, iridology means the study of the coloration of the eye. The iris reveals changing conditions of every part and organ of the body. Every organ and part of the body is represented in the iris in a well-defined area. In addition, through various marks, signs, and discoloration in the iris, nature reveals inherited weaknesses and strengths. By means of this art / science, an iridologist (one who studies the coloration and fiber structure of the eye) can tell an individual his/her inherited and acquired tendencies towards health and disease, his current condition in general, and the state of every organ in particular. Iridology cannot detect a specific disease, but, can tell an individual if they have over or under activity in specific areas of the body. For example, an under-active pancreas might indicate a diabetic condition. What is Iridology all about? The eyeball is normally defined as a globe or sphere, but it is oval and not circular. It is approximately 2. 5cm in diameter, transparent in front. It has three layers: (1) Inner nervous layer (2) Middle, vascular, and, (3) Outer fibrous, the layer that supports The choroids or middle vascular coat contains the blood vessels. This vascular coat forms the iris with a central opening known as pupil. The color of the eye is given by the pigmented layer behind the iris. This pigmented layer is largely responsible for the color of eyes that we recognize mainly as blue, brown, gray or mixed . The word iris is derived from Greek root, which means, â€Å"halo† or â€Å"rainbow†. It is believed that iris is associated with rainbow because of its colors. According to â€Å"Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary†, Iridology can be defined as â€Å"†¦the study of the iris, particularly of its color, markings, changes etc, as associated with disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Hong Kongs Economy Development

Hong Kongs Economy Development Hong Kong Economy 1. Introduction The development of a knowledge-based economy is a global trend. By 2003, Hong Kong was following this direction to transform into a knowledge-based economy. During this economic restructuring, Hong Kong was suffering from structural unemployment, marginal labour and mismatches of jobs. 2. The importance for HK to develop its human capital According to population’s statistic, the median age of the labour force increased from 34 in 1991 to 37 in 2001 due to ageing of the overall population and delayed entry into the labour force as a result of increased postsecondary educational opportunities. Unlike, increases in gross domestic product (GDP), increases in the quality of human capital show the extent to which development has reached the population. Investment in education that caters to the immediate needs of industry both foreign and domestic is essential. The educational system should also maintain the long-term goal of self-reliance and promoting programmes that create thinkers, innovator and entrepreneurs. Because of Hong Kong’s neighbours such as Singapore has already owned a completely human capital strategy for rising in competitiveness. So Hong Kong needs to optimize the economic structure and labour pool. Obviously, Hong Kong need invest to human capital to reinforce the strengths of its four main economic pillars finance, logistics, tourism and manufacturing services. The accumulation of human capital is an important contributor to economic growth. Although human capital takes at least eight years to mature and requires constant support, its returns are fundamental for improvement. Investment in human capital has proven successful in many developing nations. The attainment of education can contribute significantly to the generation of overall output in economy. The general finding is that more educated individuals tend to have higher employment rate and earnings and produce more output relative to those who are less educated. Moreover, education is deemed as an investment that enables individuals to be equipped with knowledge and skills that improve their employability and productive capacity. 3. The role of Government The role of the government should be establishing the enabling environment and that of the public and private sectors as active partners in the provision of the economic services. Collaboration between public and private sectors in the productive economy is an area where the optimal use of public and private sector resources can create added value for a society as a whole. 4. Best work together with Private and Public sectors The government should coordinate between the public and private sectors and give them some beneficial policy or regulation for their collaboration. Ideally, the collaboration between them should prefer use a project base. Moreover, the project should have a strong political commitment, open mindedness, clear responsibilities and the correct apportionment of risk for them. As a result, the private sector should cover the main commercial risks, including project completion risk, operating cost and market demand. However, the private sector may not be able to absorb the full market risk when it is not given direct access to the market. In these cases, long-term take or pay contracts with government may be required. Another partnership, a fine balance must be struck by the public sector between easing risk perceptions of private sector partners and maintaining sufficient incentives for the efficient private sector management of projects. 5. Hong Kong needs Managerial and Professional people During economic restructuring, the proportion of professionals, associate professionals, managers and administrators in the working population increased from 3 .7%, 10.5% And 9.4% respectively in 1991 to 5.9%, 16.2% and 11 .4% respectively in 2001. It represent that Hong Kong focus on develop its four economic pillars. Therefore, Hong Kong need many high-level people with managerial experiences in the fields of finance, tourism and logistic and manufacturing. Moreover, Hong Kong will also need professional to develop the high value-add industry such as software development and innovative multi-media. HK government also has the admission scheme to utilize the foreign talents and mainland’s professionals. 6. The advantages and disadvantages of the Admission of Talents Scheme and the Admission of Mainland Professionals Scheme The Advantage of two schemes Attract talents from outside Hong Kong with expertise and skills not readily available locally, who could enhance the competitiveness of the territorys economy as manufacturing or services centre, particularly in technology-based, knowledge intensive or high-value-added activities. Different country’s talent come to Hong Kong, it can make the Hong Kong has an international image. The disadvantage of two schemes If the government is wrong to evaluate the application and approve the talent or professional for admission into HK, it may affect the local job vacancy. The disadvantage of the Admission of Mainland Professionals Scheme Unlike talent schemes, the existing policy on entry of Mainland professionals was so restrictive that less than 600 Mainlanders were admitted under the Admission of Mainland Professionals Scheme in the past two years. 7. Hong Kong Long-Term Policy The following policies could be used to improve the quality of skills in the Hong Kong’s economy for long-term: 7.1 Education and Manpower Policy The HK government should continue to pursue extensive programmes to upgrade the educational attainment of population at all levels. At the same time, it also will promote and facilitate skills upgrading and life-long education. Especially, the low-level workers will need these programmes to enhance their skills to meet the changing demands of the economy. Consequently, HK government will adopt a strategic, responsive and coordinated approach to manpower planning and development. 7.2 Admission of Mainland Professionals and Talent The HK government should provide more flexibility and incentives to tertiary institutions to attract academics and students from the Mainland and overseas. Also, it may continue to improve arrangements for Mainland businessmen to visit Hong Kong for business-related purposes. To step up efforts to encourage Hong Kong people being educated overseas to return to live and work here. 7.3 Training and Other Needs of New Arrivals The HK Government should continue to provide and develop appropriate programmes to address the training needs of new arrivals of different age-groups and foster closer partnership between the Government and Non-governmental Organizations to identify and address the needs of new arrivals in HK. This helps to enhance the employment skills of new arrivals. 7.4 Investment Immigrants The HK government should extend the existing immigration policy to cater for persons who will make substantial investment (HK$6.5 million) in Hong Kong but do not themselves run a business i.e. capital investment entrants and to apply this extended policy initially to foreign nationals, residents of Macao SAR and Taiwan. 7.5 Policies Impacting on Childbirth The HK government should continue with current family planning programmes emphasizing healthy, Planned Parenthood. On the other hand, HK government also should encourage the citizens to bear child and consider to granting the same level of tax deduction for all children irrespective of number. 7.6 Elderly Policy The HK government should revisit and redefine the notion of retirement and old age and continue to develop programmes that promote active and healthy aging. As a result, it may develop a sustainable financial support system for the needy elderly. 7.7 Mobility of population The HK government should have some policies to enhance mobility of people, portability in welfare, education and housing entitlements should be introduced. Cross-border taxation should also be studied. 7.8 Portability of Benefits For longer term, the HK government should address the issue of portability of public benefits taking into account the pace of economic integration with the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and examine in detail the cost implications of portable benefits on the Government fiscal position and the local economy. 7.9 Reorganization of mainland universities The HK Government should recognize the qualification from the mainland universities. The mutual recognition of professional and academic qualification between Hong Kong and the PRD needs to be speeded up. More generally, standards between Hong Kong and the PRD should be harmonized through a benchmarking process. 8. Conclusion As Hong Kong developing into an innovative and knowledge-based society, Hong Kong was suffering from structural unemployment, marginal labour. Therefore, the HK government should have a series of population policies to improve Hong Kongs soft and hard infrastructure to meet the challenges of a knowledge-based economy. Moreover, this population policy will be designed to fit Hong Kongs long-term social and economic development, complement family requirements and address the interests of different sectors.

The Racial Ideology in the NBA Essay example -- Sports, Social Change

NBA (National Basketball Association) is not all about competition. The racial ideology has been present in the NBA. In NBA games, African American people are on display to entertain mainly white Americans. It reminds people of an inappropriate example, in the Colosseum, slaves bloodily fought among themselves or with animals until one’s death while the audiences viewed it as a kind of entertainment. Today, however, American society does not tolerate any downright prejudice, and the NBA helps to build this racial ideology in a more modern and subtle way. Both commercials and commentators are contributing factors to the construction of this racial ideology which has culturally shaped the values of sports. By looking into the historical events and social changes, people can get a greater understanding on this racial ideology in the NBA. After the NBA was founded in 1946, there was, â€Å"the shift from rigid to fluid competitive group relation, changing distributions of power, declining level of overt prejudice and new ideas about assimilation and pluralism† resulting from a civil right movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the urban riots and Black Power movement of the 1960s, briefly, â€Å"the changes in black-white relations in the 20th century† (Healey, 115-116). â€Å"Agricultural work became less labor intensive, and the need to maintain a large, powerless workforce declined†, hence the black laborers came out to urban areas, seeking opportunities (qtd. in Healey, 116). Meanwhile sports as one of several unlimited fields that were opened for African Americans, earned more attention around the countries, especially from the black laborers. Sage noticed, â€Å"in the early 1960s only about 20% NBA players were black, but in 1989 black athletes compr... ...9). Some African Americans compromise to white people who are economically dominating and this phenomenon also depicts supreme white culture, setting African Americans’ status under the white culture. Under the commercial system and influence of the commentary, the racial ideology in the NBA is covert. No one constructed it on purpose, but several inevitable reasons made it happen. Both the historical reasons and traditional stereotypes make African Americans constantly suffer from a racial hierarchy. Practically, what is the best answer to this racial problem? There couldn’t be a short-term and effective way. Nevertheless, with the increasing awareness of the racial problems and the tide of humanities, this racial ideology can be ultimately erased. Just like what happened before, the slavery which was deeply rooted in people’s minds, has been abolished forever.

Use of Symbols and Symbolism in Knowles Separate Peace :: Separate Peace Essays

Use of Symbolism in   A Separate Peace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Knowles uses the literary element of symbolism in his novel, A Separate Peace. Gene, a student at the Devon Prep School in New Hampshire, tries to understand the love, hate, and jealousy that he feels for his roommate Phineas, nicknamed "Finny." Knowles uses the Assembly Hall, the marble staircase, and the locker room to symbolize how Gene's spitefulness affects Finny, and how this effect leads Gene into adulthood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the effects of Gene's spiteful feelings toward Finny are developed, the Assembly Hall in which Gene's trial takes place is symbolic. Brinker, a classmate, leads some of Gene's peers to bring him to the Assembly Hall. At this time, Gene further realizes that he shook the limb on purpose, which causes Finny to fall out of the tree. Gene's peers are beginning to doubt his innocence. Finny has a burst of anger at the end of Gene's trial in the Assembly Hall. During this outburst, Finny says; "I just don't care. Nevermind" (168). Finny's outburst causes his second injury, which is rooted in Gene's spitefulness towards him. Gene's feelings and their effects are linked together by the Assembly Hall. Finny's anger toward the events of the trial eventually leads to his own death as he storms out into the corridor. As Finny runs down the corridor, the marble staircase that he approaches is symbolic. Finny storms out of the Assembly Hall in which Gene's trial is being held and begins running down the corridor. At this point, Finny fully realizes that Gene intentionally shook the limb, which made Finny fall out of the tree. Finny is in denial, thus causing him to storm out of the room. When Finny reaches the marble staircase, he falls, breaking his leg once again. This injury kills him due to the doctor's mistake while setting the broken bone. Gene's spiteful feelings can be directly connected to the events that took place during and after the Assembly Hall trial. Consequently, the marble staircase symbolizes how Gene's spiteful feelings ultimately cause Finny's death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the end of the school session after Finny's death, Gene's cleaning out his locker is another symbolic act. Gene says, "Brinker went upstairs to continue his packing, and I walked over to the gym to clean out my locker" (193).

Tourism is of major economic and social significance Essay -- Personâ€e

Tourism is of major economic and social significance. More than 720 million tourists spend $480 billion annually in places outside their own country (WTO, 2004). This is one of the largest items in the world’s foreign trade. The significance of tourism has been recognized in both developing and developed countries. This can be seen in the establishment of sophisticated and well resourced government departments of tourism , widespread encouragement and sponsorship of tourism developments, and the proliferation of small business and multinational corporations contributing to and deriving benefits from the tourism industry. In 2005, the tourism sector accounted for 3 % to 10% of the GDP of developing countries. The contribution of tourism to economic growth and development is reflected in the form of exports since it represents 40 percent of all xports of services, making it one of the largest categories of international trade (UNWTO, 2006). There is widespread optimism that tou rism might be a powerful and beneficial agent of both economic and social change, some even advocating that it might be a force for world peace. Indeed, tourism has stimulated employment, investment and entrepreneurial activity, modified land use and economic structure, and made a positive contribution to the balance of payments in many countries throughout the world. At the same time, the growth of tourism has prompted perceptive observes to raise many questions concerning the social and environmental desirability of encouraging further expansion. Do the expenditures of tourists benefit the residents of destination areas? Is tourism encouraging prostitution, crime and gambling? Does tourism rejuvenate or erode the traditional arts and crafts of host culture... ...o contain a mixture of both positive and negative strands and affect both hosts and guests (Opperman, Chon 1997; Cooper et al. 1998). As a result, in spite of the fact that some researchers regard socio-cultural change as one of the evils of tourism development, any form of economic development will, by definition, carry with it implications for social structure and cultural aspects of the host population (Cooper et al. 1998) Though originally most of the research tended to look at rural areas in the English speaking world (e.g., Long et al., 1990; Murphy, 1985) and then subsequently with reference to the impact of tourism on the communities and indigenous people (e.g., Ryan & Aicken, 2005), more recent research has looked at tourism impacts in the non-English-speaking world among the cultural representatives of those countries (e.g., Eraqi, 2007).

Stalin’s Russia

To what extent was a totalitarian state established in the USSR in the 1930's? From the start of Stalins self-imposed reign of control he always had the makings as a leader to create a totalitarian government, for example his ideology. Stalin wanted ‘his' people to believe that he cared for them. It's interesting to say ‘his' because it refers to the sense that Stalin himself believed he owned the Russian people which completely contradicts a lot of what he did and the reasons for which he did it. For example Stalin always told the people that he was doing things for ‘the greater good of the Russian people'.This contradiction could alter the disposition of things when considering the totalitarianism in the USSR in the 1930s. The term ‘totalitarianism' means that a state would hold complete control over everything in it, which is largely what happened in the USSR. Collectivisation is a great example of this total control that Stalin held over Russia, the fact h e could take all of the farms and merge them together into one big farm to create more produce which was then sold or traded showed significance in comparison to totalitarianism because it showed that there was complete control over what happened all over Russia.As well as collectivisation Stalin also used terror to create a totalitarian state. The great Terror from 1936-38 is a great example of how a totalitarian state was achieved. The Moscow show trials which were essential in justifying a communist government. The main reason for and main success of the show trials were that it showed that the communist was the only party that was trustworthy, although this wasn't true. The fall of Yagoda let Stalin re-establish a once slacking NKVD as a more brutal force, new, less retrained agents were recruited to help speed up and extend the great terror.The mass murder created by the Politburo's Order No. 00447 enabled the NKVD to produce a list of over 250,000 people that were associated w ith ‘anti-soviet behaviour'. This led to many Russian people denouncing their friends or family due to the fear of Stalins Great terror and the NKVD, this shows great examples of complete control of the people and the state itself through the fear Stalin had inflicted. It was not only fear that Stalin used to put people on his side, Stalin also appeased a lot of what people wanted. Women were given more rights and responsibilities in everyday life in Russia.For example, in World War One women didn't have a lot to do with it whereas in the the Second World War hundreds of women fought on the front line and many women achieved the highest award possible for serving in the armed forces. This was because Stalin believed that women were at the centre point of Russian society and therefore appeased them because he knew how important they were. Stalin also put himself at the point of every family and made it known how he felt about the importance of family life, it was made a rule th at every family had to have a picture of him in the house so that he could be at the centre point of everything.To create a totalitarian state there has to be acceptance from everyone, this was not fully achieved in the USSR, but because of Stalin’s Great Terror acceptance was not needed by everyone, the fear he inflicted left a great wound in the Russian people, through his ‘reign' Stalin was responsible for over 20 million deaths. This would've meant that people feared for their lives which led to people being submissive to the State, therefore creating a totalitarian state because of the total control held by the communist government.Overall I think it's easy to see that a complete totalitarian state was established in the USSR in the 1930s because complete control was achieved by the communist party and by Stalin himself, it was mainly due his Great Terror that inflicted fear to ‘his' people that totalitarianism was achieved. Stalin also achieved a totalitaria n state because of the ways he made himself known everywhere in Russia, he was inescapable, finally leading to a fully totalitarian state.

Policies and Prime Ministership of Gough Whitlam

Policies and Prime Ministership of Gough Whitlam Question (a): Write an outline of the changes made by Gough Whitlam when he was Australia’s Prime Minister. Overview oWide-ranging reform plan oAimed to quickly change the social aspects of society, rather than solving Australia’s economic problems oWhitlam’s key principles were: ?Equality of opportunity ?Promotion of the Australian identity oPost-Vietnam War policies oWhitlam’s policies addressed many social justice issues oForeign policy oHuman rights (women + Indigenous) oMulticulturalism oPublic benefit National Identity Post-war policies ?Abolition of conscription for national service ?Immediate withdrawal from Vietnam ?Release of draft dodgers from prison Foreign Policy oChina ?Official recognition of China within a fortnight of Whitlam’s Prime ministership. ?Embassies were either restored or constructed in each country ? Australian support of China in the United Nations oPapua New Guinea grante d self-governance (1973) and independence (1975) oDistancing Australia from American foreign policy oSouth Africa ?Banning of racially-based sporting teams from South Africa ?Condemnation of apartheid policy in South Africa oWhitlam supported 13 international human rights initiatives Human Rights oWomen ?Office of Women’s Affairs ?Promoted policies that would help women achieve equality ? Wages ?Creation of the ‘adult wage’ to replace notions of separate male and female wages ? Encouraged more women to work and enjoy working ?Divorce ?The ‘no-fault’ divorce principle, as part of the Family Law Act (1975) ? Removed the ‘guilty label’ which had previously undermined rights in custody disputes and property settlements ? Divorce without reasons Maternity Leave ?Extended maternity leave for single mothers to aid the costs while still retaining their original job. ?Removal of sales tax on contraceptive pills oIndigenous Australians ?Self-deter mination policy ?The right of a group to choose and control its own destiny ? Land rights ?Established the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Land Rights (1973) ? Some land (that was denied in the 1971 Gove land rights decision) was returned to the Gurindji people. ?Repeal of the Migration Acts ?Australian Aborigines no longer required permission to travel overseas ? All of us Australians are diminished while the Aborigines are denied their rightful place in this nation. † Gough Whitlam (1972). ?In 4 years, the budget for Aboriginal affairs increased from $23 million to $141 million Multiculturalism oAl Grassby became the new Minister for Immigration oWhite Australia Policy ?Abolition of this policy improved relations with nearby Asian countries ? Racial Discrimination Act (1975) promoted understanding of other races and ethnic groups ? â€Å"I was profoundly embarrassed by it [the White Australia policy] and did all I could to change it. Gough Whitlam (2001). oChanges to the Cit izenship Act ?Immigrants from the United Kingdom no longer took precedence over other Europeans and Asians oCommunity initiatives ?radio programs in community languages ?migrant education centres ?teacher exchange program with Italian government ?interpreters for emergency phone calls Public Benefit oEducation ?Establishment of the Australian Schools Commission ?Disadvantaged Schools Program ?‘needs-based’ funding ?Expand the resources of poor schools ?Abolition of tertiary education school fees Government funding of tertiary education ?Increase from 9% (1960) to 42% (1975) oMedibank ?System of national health insurance ?Time-based payments vs. fee for service ?Break connection between healthcare and money ?Originally payed 85% of the medical bill oIncreased pensions ?25% of average adult weekly wage oPromotion of ‘the Arts’ ?Improved facilities and pay for artists (musicians, artists, dancers, actors etc. ) ? Australian Film Commission ?National Film and T elevision School ?Australian National Gallery oA program to bring sewerage to all urban areasNational Identity oNew Australian passports; no longer referred to as ‘British subjects’ oAustralian national anthem oAustralian Heritage Commission Question (b): Evaluate (make own judgement + facts) how important ONE of these changes has been to Australia’s development. Diplomatic Relations with China ?Whitlam believed that Australia were following the foreign policies of our allies for too long ? The cold war mentality was no longer relevant ?He saw the potential economic gains and advantages of a long term relationship with China ? Communist party took over China Guomindang re-established itself in Taiwan ?Many countries (including Australia) recognized the government in Taiwan as the official government of China ? Gough Whitlam wanted to form a relationship with communist China, as he believed that communism was not a threat ? The McMahon government refused to recogn ize the People’s Republic of China ? In 1971, Whitlam (as Leader of the Opposition) visited China and promised Mao Zedong (the Chinese leader) that he would establish diplomatic relations with China, if he won the election the following year ?China became members of the United Nations in 1971, and throughout Whitlam’s prime ministership, Australia supported their representation. ?Australia’s recognition of China was a pivotal moment in our history. ?Economic – ?Australia had bonds with the largest economy of the world ? It gives us the boom in our resource industry ?Two-way trade was $113 million in 1972 ?In 1973, a Trade Agreement was signed, granting mutual ‘most favoured nation status’ ? It is now exceeding $105 billion (2011) ?Benefits for both countries ?Three underlying principles in the relationship: Mutual respect ?Recognition of differences ?Strong resolve to build on the interests we share ?Education – ?1972 – no Chine se students in Australia ?Present – 150 000 + Chinese students; biggest source of foreign students oPossible conclusion – In 1949, Australia and China were divided by political differences, however Gough’s Whitlam recognition of China in 1972 had resulted in 40 years of economic and social prosperity. Even though it involved the termination of the relationship with Taiwan, this major shift in foreign policy is praised for its long term successes.

How to Differentiate Hrd and T&D

In the early 1980s, the field of personnel management shifted its function from handling staffing and related administrative activities to the development of people as a resource of the organization (Sims, R. 2006). Thus, here comes the field of Human Resource Development (HRD). The term HRD started out first simply as â€Å"training†, then involved into â€Å"training and development†(T&D), and finally into HRD. Therefore, some confusion arise relating to the difference between Human Resource Development and â€Å"training and development†.In order to differentiate HRD and T&D, the author illustrates this essay by clarifying the definition of HRD and T&D, their respective main purpose, and the strategies of each term. I. Definition 1. Definition of HRD Because of the evolving nature of HRD, defining HRD is difficult. The first definition of HRD offered by Harbison and Myers related HRD to broad contexts, including economy, political, social and culture contexts, rather than just individuals and organizations.They defined HRD as a process to increase the knowledge, skills and capacities of all the people in a society: â€Å"In economic terms, it could be described as the accumulation of human capital and its effective investment in the development of an economy. In political terms, HRD prepares people for adult participation in the political process, particularly as citizens in a democracy. From the social and cultural points of view, the development of human resources helps people lead fuller and richer lives, less bound to tradition. †(Harbison and Myers, 1964)HRD was also referred as a learning experience provided by employees, leading to the improvement of their performance and/all personal growth (Nadler and Nadler, 1989). A recent definition from Swanson (2009) explained the term HRD as a process of developing and unleashing expertise which aimed at improving organizational system, work process, team, and individual performance . 2. Definition of T&D Generally speaking, training and development is defined as a field concerned with organizational activity whose objective is to improve the performance of individuals and groups in organizational context.To be specific, writers of some literatures have divided the term T&D into two independent parts: â€Å"training† and â€Å"development†. Separated definition for each word is created, which makes the definition of training and development quite straightforward. Training was defined as a â€Å"planned and systematic process to modify or develop attitude, knowledge or skills through learning experiences, to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. † (Garavan et al. ,1995; Harrison, 1993; Reid et al. 1994) .A separate definition of development was that â€Å"the growth or realization of a person’s ability through conscious or unconscious learning, which usually includes elements of planned study and experi ence supported by coaching and counseling† (Wilson, 1999). Similarities can be seen from these definitions that both HRD and T&D provide human resource with learning to improve performance. However, their emphasises are different according to the definitions. T&D focuses more on the improvement of individual performance, whereas HRD is a business approach which plays a crucial role in the improvement of whole organizational.II. Main Purpose of HRD and T&D 1. Main purpose of HRD The key functions of HRD are individual development, organizational development, career development and performance improvement. Actually, the main purpose of HRD is under debate of researchers and practitioners. Should it focus on increasing the performance requirements of its organizations and enhancing the productivity of the workforce or on developing the individual competency and skills? When practiced in productive organizations, HRD should contribute directly to the organization’s goal.As a result, performance improvement becomes the main purpose of HRD. There are many aspects that HRD could improve performance: individual, process, as well as organizational levels. For instance, performance is impeded when the goal of an organization do not fit various internal and external realities (culture, for example). HRD could solve this problem by formulating a goal that fit in the organizational culture while a culture change process being implemented in order to support the goal of the organization. 2. Main purpose of T&DIn many literatures, the purpose of T&D concentrates on individual development. There is need to train and retrain the employees on continuous basis. T&D has the goal of influencing basic values and beliefs of individual. Meanwhile, there are also technical and management T&D programmes related to systems and procedures appeal to the inherent logic, and the planning methods and people skills appeal to the strategies of succeed. The relationship (or differe nce) of HRD and T&D (and other HRD functions) could be illustrated by figure1:Figure1 (Haslinda, 2009) Although the main purpose of T&D is individual development, which is one of the four key functions of HRD, we can not say that T&D is a subset of HRD. HRD and T&D are discrete entities. HRD is the integrated use of T&D, organizational development, career development and performance development to improve individual, group, and organizational effectiveness. III. Strategies of HRD and T&D 1. Strategies of HRD To contribute to the goals and missions of the organization, efforts of making HRD strategies must take place.First, there should be a clear overview of the relationship between the organization’s missions, strategic agenda, and competitive environment. Followed by an assessment of the current capacity of workforce, special needs are identified. An evaluation system needs to be built in order to examine if the target competencies indeed enhance the actualization of organi zational goals. Finally, the organization needs senior leadership and a culture that support lifelong learning of the work role of each employee. 2. Strategies of T&DTraining and development in an organization also requires a mechanism that establishes the competencies required by an organization to achieve success. Therefore, the strategy of T&D includes 1) identifying the employees’ training needs, 2) finding out the HR strategic plan, 3) establishing personal developing plans and 4) evaluating the T&D outcomes by assessment. The process could be revised over and over again. The strategies of HRD and T&D have several points in common. However, those tiny distinctions make HRD a more strategically orientated organizational process.

Prenatal and Postpartum Scenario Essay

The following is a daily activity list for the 6 month developmental pregnancy timeline, this consist of three activities if done daily can have a positive effect on your pregnancy and your infant’s future development. What a baby looks like and how it acts, to an extent are determined by nature or heredity. But nurture or a child’s environment all play a role in whom they will become. There are many activities a pregnant mom can do to influence her baby’s environment in a positive manner. Daily exercise throughout the duration of a normal uncomplicated pregnancy can prepare your body for the physical demands of labor, and help to reduce infant stress levels during delivery. According to Strength and Conditioning Journal â€Å"exercising during pregnancy decreases blood pressure, improves self-esteem, and decreases muscle soreness.† â€Å"Research also shows positive fetal responses to daily exercise by improving the baby’s tolerance to stress before and during labor, babies also tend to be more alert and readily self quieted.† (Martens, 2006) A daily exercise goal of walking, swimming or yoga for 20-30 minutes should be set. Avoid secondhand smoke, â€Å"living in a smoky environment is tied to asthma and breathing problems.†(Simons, 2014) â€Å"There have also been recent studies linking smoking while pregnant to increase risk of SID.† (Simons, 2014) If  you smoke or live with someone who does smoke there are smoking cessation programs to help you quit. Depressive symptoms occur in approximately 20% of pregnant women. Maternal health is the key to developing infant’s health. Pregnant women who are depressed have poor sleep habits, decreased appetite these things could result in preterm-birth or low birth weight. â€Å"More than 13% of women take antidepressants during pregnancy, but by doing this it could have a lasting impact on the developing fetus including birth defects, behavioral problems, and autism.†(Tjoa, 2010) More and more physicians and pregnant moms are looking toward non-pharmaceutical ways to treat depression during pregnancy. If you have depression you may seek cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce your symptoms. Postpartum Woman MEMO To: Postpartum Woman From: Mindy Donaldson Date: April 17, 2015 Re: Daily Activity List The daily activities in this memo are meant to help prevent any adjustment difficulties during the postpartum period. As in pregnancy regular physical activity is important during the post partum period, this not only helps with endurance levels and prevention of chronic illness. Physical activity can help to ward off postpartum depression. â€Å"Starting a low impact exercise routine 3-4 days a week should help you to obtain pre-pregnancy weight goals.† (Borodulin, 2009) A healthy diet during the postpartum period is very important for all new mothers. â€Å"Caloric intake should not fall below 1800 calories a day.† (Boyd, 2013) Inadequate caloric intake may increase postpartum fatigue, and have a negative impact on mood. â€Å"Post pregnancy dieting may be accompanied by significant decrease in bone mineral density.† (Boyd, 2013) Postpartum depression affects many women and interrupts their daily  activities and relationships. â€Å"The symptoms of postpartum depression usually begin within one month after childbirth, most commonly feeling depressed or losing interest in daily activities.† (What Is Postpartum Depression, 2014) Postpartum depression is treated with psychotherapy or antidepressants. References Borodulin, E. H. (2009). Physical Activitiy Patterns During Pregnancy Through Postpartum. Womens Health , 32. Boyd, K. (2013). Diet, Nutrition, and Exercise. ARHP . Martens, D. H. (2006). Physiological changes and effects on the mother and fetus. Strength and Conditioning Journal , 78-82. Simons, E. T. (2014). Maternal second-hand smoke exposure in pregnancy is associated with childhood asthma development. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice , 201-207. Tjoa, C. &. (2010). Unipolar depression during pregnancy: Nonpharmacologic treatment options. Women’s Health . What Is Postpartum Depression. (2014). Retrieved from Drugs.com.

Explain the key features of post Communist ,Trasformation' since Essay

Explain the key features of post Communist ,Trasformation' since 1989.Compare and contrast the experience of two or more countries as examples - Essay Example 5) as â€Å"the prison of nations†. With their new found independence, the former communist countries have become free to change the course of their own development, highly expectant of the promised prosperity by the West which confidently proclaimed this event as the triumph of capitalism over socialism. However, this unusual landmark in world history has likewise proven difficult to handle, much more to define its development. As McFaul and Stoner-Weiss (2004, p. 3) described: â€Å"the post-Soviet world has gone through the twist and turns of tumultuous political, economic, and social change.† As â€Å"one of the defining features of the second half of the twentieth century† (Edwards 1999, p. vii), understanding this crucial event becomes imperative not only in terms of socio-economic historical development but even in terms of human resource management, especially so that the fallen communist bloc had hundreds of millions of subjects (Rose 2009). Perhaps, characterising this historical period is a good start. As such, this essay seeks to explore the key features of post-communist transformation since 1989, understanding these by comparing and contrasting Poland and Bulgaria’s transformations. This will be achieved through a review of relevant literatures and studies. Ultimately, it is also hoped that this study will provide lessons useful for human resource management. Rose (2009) correctly stated: â€Å"The collapse of the Berlin Wall was an event, while transformation and its aftermath is a process of learning.† Similarly, understanding the key features of post-communist transformation since 1989 is a learning process. The collapse of communism has triggered widespread debate, speculations, assumptions and the like, bringing forth various studies, write-ups and researches. The high interest in understanding this unexpected event

Family structures are becoming more diverse. what evidence is there to Essay

Family structures are becoming more diverse. what evidence is there to support the trends - Essay Example rding to MacIver and Page a family is â€Å"a definite and long term group defined by sexual relationships that reproduce and bring up children†¦ formed by the living together of man, woman and their children.† (Dubey p. 123) So the structure of the nuclear family consisted of the husband wife and children. In other words family structure was based on 1)The relationship between husband and wife. 2) The procreation of children 3)Common residence. But if we examine the reality of today’s growing rates of divorce, single parent families as well as the trend towards gay or ‘same sex marriages’ then we can conclude that there is an increased trend towards blended families, binuclear families and single parent families. This has led the Sociologists William J. Goode to state that the institution of the family as we know it is vanishing altogether; while others state that the term nuclear family is inadequate in explaining the different contemporary household arrangements. Hence the new term ‘postmodern family’ is used to refer to the different forms of family structure including couples minus children as well as single-parent families and blended families. This diversity could be due to the following prevailing trends: Trend 1: There is a growing tendency amongst couples to live together rather than get married. The majorities of such couples have sexual relationships but do not choose to have offspring due to work and other pressures. Trend 2: There is a trend to divorce. This has resulted in children being granted living custody with either their father or mother. As a result the child moves between the homes of the two separated parents so the third element of a families structure, based on residence has also changed. Ogburn and Nimkoff’s give a more modern definition of a family by seeing the family â€Å"†¦as an association formed by the sex relations of husband and wife, with or without children.† Trend 3: There is a growing

History before 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History before 1877 - Essay Example Slaves who bore no rights were in high demand to provide for cheap labor. A large wave of Europeans immigrated to the United States of America in the 19th century (Wolff 56). The famous Potato famine in Ireland was also another factor that pushed these groups to migrate to the United States for greener pastures. Due to the economic depression accompanied by religious intolerance in Germany, many Catholics were obliged to migrate (Chang 124). The immigration of Europeans to the United States was of great benefit it spurred economic growth. To start with, due to rapid industrialization, there was the need for cheap labor. Second, the United States began claiming land from the Spanish and the Northern America native people. Nevertheless, the populous immigration was a threat to certain groups of people as it was deemed to tamper with the peace and harmony of the citizens (Herron 307). Europeans remarkably made up the majority of migrants during the end of the twentieth century. However, this changed in the late twentieth century, when they were replaced by migrants from Latin America and Asia (Chang, 411). A bulk of them came from Mexico, Philippines, China, Vietnam, Korean, India, and the Dominican Republic. Population growth and industrialization are the convulsive demographic and economic factors that attracted migrants to America: the land of opportunity and freedom (Chang, 411). Immigrants in the past and present have contributed to the American economy in different perspectives. However, it is evident that they have played a critical role in shaping the destiny of the country. No doubt, America will continue to grow, demand and attract the strong willing unskilled laborers for many years to come (Chang, 411). With increased numbers of immigrants between 1860 and 1915, conflict arose due to competition for resources. It became necessary to regulate the

Fujiwara Clan and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fujiwara Clan and Governance - Essay Example Although the history of japan is often illustrated by institutional progress, it has had some significant turning points. As such, japan has had a long interesting history. Archeological evidence implies that people have resided in the region since the prehistoric era. This vast history is divided into groups so as to make it more manageable. These periods often have varying lengths i.e. decades to centuries. The Fujiwara family dominated japan between794 to 1160. There is no record of a specific starting year of their dominance in the government. To ensure they ruled the state of japan, they made emperors to be just puppets. An increase in population, food production decline and competition for resources saw the decline of the Fujiwara family and other great families. These problems engineered the occurrence of various military disturbances. The Taira and Minamoto who were Fujiwara family members attacked each other over land issues. This led to the collapse of the Fujiwara family as they created rival regimes. The In no cho took over from the Fujiwara clan. They slowly replaced the Fujiwara court members by the Minamoto family. Unlike previous regimes where civil authority controlled the government, military might determine the strength of the government. Despite its eventual decline, the Fujiwara clan was very successful in governance as a result of the factors highlighted herein.

Business Website and Children Clothing Research Paper

Business Website and Children Clothing - Research Paper Example The paper will also deal with issues related to the questions of how to buy a domain, how to trademark and protect logo. Step 1 Identify the problem that needs to be solved or opportunity that needs to be developed Essentially, any new business venture is mainly aimed at recognizing and creating an opportunity in the market (Nieman, 2003. In this case, the internet has brought about an opportunity that can makes it possible to market any product since it is a widely used channel of communication during the contemporary period given that it can reach a lot of people from different geographical locations. In terms of clothing, it can be seen that there are no large chain stores in different regions that specialize in selling baby/kids/children clothes. These products can be found in large conventional clothing shops that also sell clothes for adults. Therefore, it can be seen that there is a gap which exists in the market in terms of marketing and selling children’s clothes sinc e some of the consumer needs that are not adequately satisfied. In order to solve this problem, it is wise to start an e-business website that specializes in selling children’s clothes. This strategy is likely to be very effective in filling the gap that has been identified in this case. In other words, this business venture is likely to add value in the market if the following factors are carefully taken into consideration. Product identified and clearly defined- an assortment of children’s clothing would be sold online. The new e-business venture will specialize in selling these products to different customers in different areas. All business can be carried through the use of the internet and the products purchased can be delivered to the customers. Reason for product- there is a gap in the market where it can be seen that there are few actors in this sector who specialize in selling products that are specifically meant for children. Children’s clothes are oft en found in conventional clothing shops and this business is likely to be very convenient to many shoppers since they can get exactly what they would be looking for. STEP 2: Select a general topic area related to the problem or opportunity to research The general topic related to the problem or opportunity identified is concerned about the aspect of how to start a business. In this case, an opportunity has arisen and it can be seen that starting an online business to sell children’s clothes can be the best solution to address this issue. According to the Wall Street Journal (2012), there are different steps that ought to be taken into consideration when starting up a business. Starting a new business venture requires proper preparation and an entrepreneur should first decide if he or she is suitable to run that kind of business. This is very important since starting a business venture is not an overnight event. Entrepreneurship is about identifying opportunities that exist in the market and then measure are put in place in order to utilize the opportunity that exists at that particular moment in the market. The other important element to consider is about how to register a trademark for a company name. This element is very important since it helps to distinguish one company from the other. Whilst there are many companies that specialize in offering different products, they must be distinguished. According to the Wall Street Journal, this process can be done online and the company can also get the legal

Aquaculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aquaculture - Essay Example In recent years, cultivated aqua plants have shown significant increase in production too. The gross production of aqua plants in 2004 was worth 6.8 billion US$. Oysters hold the second position when it comes to aquatic culture. The aquatic species variegation is another factor that demands attention. More than 240 cultivated aquatic flora and animal species were recorded in 2004. The fact that needs exposure here is that heterogeneity of aquatic species has been undermined and collection of annual facts and data suggest that species variegation is shooting up. Species introduction is one of the legitimate means of increasing production. Species Introduction has played a significant role in aquaculture and they provide a noticeable share of total aquaculture production. Consider the fact that nearly 17% of the global finfish production is because of alien/introduced species. However they have negative impacts too. Introduced species can impact aquatic ecosystem in terms of predation, habitat modification etc. Proper assessment of effects of introduced species on aquatic life and their negative and positive consequences should be done and suitable plans should be formulated. Fishery products comprises of water, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins and other nitrogen compounds. The vital micro-nutrients and minerals in fatty fish are Vitamins A and D, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus whereas iodine, in marine fish. Fish lipids have up to 40% extremely unsaturated long chain fatty acids. Fish proteins hold all vital amino acids. The carbohydrate content in fish muscle is very less, generally lesser than 0.5 percent. There are numerous uses of marine resources; the most prominent use is as a source of food. Fisheries resources are rendering human species with record amounts of food. Fish has proved to be a diet full of proteins and nutrients. World fish production used for direct human intake shot up during 1990s. Other use of fish include 'extracting oil' and as 'feed'. However, excessive use of fisheries resources is endangering the ecosystem of our planet. Continuously increasing demand and exhausting marine life has led to an increment in the gap between demand and supply. As Taras Grescoe states in Bottomfeeder: How the fish on our Plates is Killing our Planet that Good fish like sardine, pilchard is diminishing and that we in our madness are hoovering up the good fish by converting it into fishmeal for salmon in farms. He concludes that it requires 3.9 Kg of wild fish to yield 1 Kg of flabby, artificially colored farmed salmon. Commercial wild salmon fishery has nearly vanished in North At lantic. The North Sea store of herring, valuable fatty pelagic fish, tumbled in 1970s because of the requirement of the pig feed industry. It can be concluded that overfishing is a compelling marine issue demanding immediate attention. According to EUCC news, China is a country where live reef fish requirement is quite high and is expected to increase in the coming years. Hong-Kong being the capital of world's live reef fish industry exports a lot of reef fish to China. China's increasing demands for coral fish has already endangered species like hump head wrasse. As marine stock has already depleted in

Compassion and the Individual by Tenzin Gyatso, the fourteenth Dali Essay

Compassion and the Individual by Tenzin Gyatso, the fourteenth Dali Lama - Essay Example There is a citing in the article of a surging number of mental illnesses in the United States making up about 12% of the general population. A closer assessment showed that the main cause of these conditions were not lack of material possessions as many may think, but ‘deprivation of the affection of the others.’ Although the intent of life may be viewed as happiness, compassion is one of the key ways this is achieved. The term compassion is used depict a variety of other nouns such as love. The view in this case is that everyone tries to be happy ever since they are born. Every action that is undertaken such as playing with toys, socializing, and so forth are done to fulfil the urge to be happy. It is an expression of human will, and possibly one of the purpose of life. The problem nonetheless is that people are not always happy despite striving their best to be. Despite all the actions that humans undertake and the illusion that they might all bring about, Gyatso contends that the hidden objective is to be happy. However, Gyatso goes an extra mile to expound how this happiness can be attained. He initially clusters happiness into two, mental and physical happiness. Mind happiness in this case is taken to be of greater significance as compared to physical happiness. Mental happiness can be attained by devoting out most serious efforts to bringing mental peace, which would help us live in happiness. Mental tranquility according to Gyatso is best derived from the development of love and compassion. Each individual is viewed as a crucial part of society where the happiness of others dictates the happiness of one self. It is hence ones obligation to care for the happiness of others since it influence inner tranquility. Inner tranquility of the mind plays the role of embracing happiness in one’s life, particularly by overcoming problems that are ever present in life. Gyatso states that these problems may be viewed by

Absalom Absalom by William Faulkner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Absalom Absalom by William Faulkner - Essay Example Mr. Compson clarifies to Quentin that he ought to listen graciously to Rosa's tale because during earlier period the South produced its women into ladies, subsequently the war constructed the ladies into ghosts.Inside Absalom, Absalom!, W. Faulkner plainly criticizes the ethical as well as the moral performances of the American South. The tale of Sutpen appears to be parallel to the account of the South; also Faulkner recommends that they eventually fail for the similar reasons. By constructing its accomplishment and console on the enslavement of a different race, the South is condemned to fail due to the fact that an immoral plan is not sustainable. Both Sutpen along with the South suppose that it is achievable to reserve morality once in a while to follow a larger social objective. Rosa explains to Quentin that the South was condemned to be defeated at the warfare because it was headed by men akin to Sutpen, whom she observes as a deceitful, mean, and controlling person.Mr. Compson 's exploratory portrayal of the early years of Thomas Sutpen in Jefferson presents objectives like to improve the personality of Thomas Sutpen, in order that he becomes less the mono-maniacal devil of Miss Rosa's statement and more of a motivated and captivating human being eager to do everything to accomplish his ends. You may observe through this work that with Rosa's persuasive speaking, her application of strong words as well as the broad range of her expressions appeared to surpass the gender distinction. Exposing what was long reserved in the deepness of her mind through monologue, made her character a tough female. What is prominent is that W. Faulkner conveyed the masculine synchronized with the feminine within her mind by means of talking and words, not through manifestation or appearance. More separated than Miss Rosa, whose connection towards her past is administered by the hurt and treachery she encountered, Mr. Compson merely heard about the tale from his father, who was a General who did not survive through it himself. He has undoubtedly had the leisure to think about and wonder upon the implication of the occurrences surrounding Sutpen's Hundred, and appears mesmerized by them more for the lecture they impart than for anything fundamental towards his own occurrences. While Mr. Compson keeps on going to describe over the following two chapters, it turns out to be increasingly apparent that he trusts in strength like destiny which steers and influences human activities; he does not consider individuals are in charge of their individual destinies. Within the Sutpen tale, he perceives an instance of an enormous and influential man brought down by means of an aggressive fate that had damned him from the very start. Mr. Compson interprets signs of disaster into several of the early episodes of Sutpen's existence. Additionally, he believes that the characters inside the tale knew they were condemned, but sustained to thrash about against fate in any case. The image of Thomas Sutpen which Mr. Compson imparts is one of an unexplained, determined, powerful man resolute to distinguish his will carried throughout. He turns up with nothing and lifts up a palace. He happens to be blamed of stealing from steamboats to fund his very expensive scheme, and concludes by getting married with the daughter of a highly regarded local civilian. Where inside Miss Rosa's narration, Sutpen seemed a bizarre force of malevolence, in Mr. Compson's version his human attributes started to become visible. In Absalom, Absalom, the characters of W. Faulkner enclosed themselves inside a world of

Critical Analysis of Two Primary Schools Essay Example for Free

Critical Analysis of Two Primary Schools Essay A critical analysis of the All Saints Primary School and Liverpool College Prep School websites. All Saints homepage immediately stresses the importance of learning together and demonstrates the emphasis that is placed upon religion within in the school. Their mission statement is presented as being â€Å"All Saints is a community where God’s light in each individual is nurtured and loved, allowing his spirit to shine in each one of us within our Catholic environment†. This is in contrast with Liverpool College which instead chooses to focus upon academic attainment on its homepage, stating: â€Å"High academic achievement is our primary aim and our results in national tests show that our standards are some of the best in the city and far above average in mathematics and English†. Both websites are extremely informative to the browser and offer detailed information on issues such as admission and behavioral policies. There is also a message from both headmasters outlining their visions for the schools. The schools contrast however in their ethos, religion appears to play an integral role within all aspects of All Saints whereas there is no mention of it within the Liverpool College website. Although both schools place a great importance upon producing an environment in which every child matters and feels secure. Liverpool College Prep School also displays information concerning tuition fees, whereas All Saints website being a voluntary aided school is free of cost to prospective pupils. Both schools however do demonstrate the significance they place upon extra-curricular activities by dedicating pages on their websites to the opportunities that are available to pupils within their school. The websites of both schools also outline the curriculum the school adheres to as well display their anti-bullying policies so they are accessible to all. The two schools display information for parents and offer advice and support in how they can effectively support their child through primary education. On the All Saints website this page is accompanied by a behavioural policy which the children are expected to comply with. Liverpool College asks parents to contact the school if they would like to receive a copy of the behavioural policy.

How Social Media Has Helped Transform Event Management Media Essay

How Social Media Has Helped Transform Event Management Media Essay Social media has changed the way information is communicated completely. The fact that people have adapted social media and prefer to use social media to communicate and get in touch with the world is proof of the fact that social media is here to stay. Social media has become very important for communication, marketing and a sales discipline as well. Event managers know from their experience that the most effective way of communicating, selling or marketing is face to face, but the reach of this is very limited as you cant meet and approach every potential customer. Other forms of marketing that are less personal had a wider reach but social media has made it possible for event managers to get in touch with as many people as they want. Face to face conversations allow a consumer to get engaged with the brand. Social media also allows people to share experiences about a brand and become advocates of it. There are at least 41.3 million people online in the UK alone and twitter users allover the world are estimated to be around 35mn. Social media is like amplified word of mouth. The word spreads fast and to a number of people at a time. It is something that event managers had been waiting for. Event managers can now build their event strategy after taking advise from their customers directly on what to include in the content, promote the event, share the experience with others and also evaluate how they event went. Now the events life has increased as the event is kept alive in the mind of the consumer through videos and pictures that are shared with many other people. This also increases the reach of the event. Event managers now have to embrace the reality and make the event available online. Event management often involves 5 phases, I will discuss each phase and how social media has helped transform it. Step 1. Planning Every event requires planning. Planning an event is an extremely lenghthy and tedious job, many softwares and guidelines are available to do this work. It involves getting people together to make an event a success. Deciding on the venue, the food, emergency plans, promotion, attendees etc. An event will only work out if these things have been planned in detail and the right people to perform the task are there. Some ways in which social media makes this phase easier are: Skype: Skype can be used to communicate with people who are miles away, it allows people to brainstorm and contribute unique ideas to make the event better. Â  PBworks:Â  this platform also makes it easier for people to contribute ideas add notes and organize the entire event. It is used by organizers all over because of its document sharing features which makes information exchange much faster and easier. Step 2. Organizing and inviting Once the planning part is done, the event manager has to make sure that everything is going as planned and that the people who have been delegated responsibility are also working. Time management is crucial at this stage, because of delay by one person to do his duty can have disastrous results. Also the planner needs to start inviting people, these include guests and attendees, you have to make sure that all the people who make the event a success are invited and are able to come to the event. For this purpose social media is available to keep information on the event organized and also to publish guest lists and speaker lists. Starting a blog is another great idea that event managers can make use up, these blogs are updated on a regular basis and keeps the attendants informed about how the preparation of an event is progressing. Facebook can also create an invite to an event, it allows people to respond to the invite as well. Step 3. Promotion and distribution Promotion is important whether its for a brand or an event, without it consumers or interested people can not be brought in. a number of promotional techniques are available but can be divided into below the line(ATL) and above the line (BTL) ATL deals with indirect ways of promotion where there is no individual contact between the buyer and the seller, these include print ads, TV ads, billboards etc. BTL is about direct interaction with the customer, may include activities and organizing of certain events to invite people to the product, consumer reach is limited compared to ATL but is much more effective. Social media can also be called an ATL approach but it has a much wider reach so is more effective. The event management needs to make sure that it is promoted through every channel possible. Potential attendees should be able to access information about the event and ask questions easily. Social media like twitter, youtube, facebook, orkut should be used. Social media should be considered a primary mode of advertising. Twitter and facebook should be used because they are meant to transfer messages. A facebook page is more effective than a facebook group because everytime the page is updated it appears in the newsfeed, allowing more people to view it. Facebook event is also an important way of letting people know about the event and also knowing how many people are likely to attend the event. Step 4. Meet expectations The manager should optimize the event to meet people requirements, because if the event does not make the attendees satisfied they are also capable of creating bad publicity for the company. High speed wireless should be made available so people can communicate with each other and converse easily with the guests and other attendees. Often even before the event starts the attendees start having dialogues with the speakers on the event and after the event that communication is continued. The attendees should be able to tweet in their questions in real time and also get answers, other attendees should also be able to answer those questions for the speakers. This makes the whole event much more interesting. There should be live conference available for people who are unable to attend the event. This allows people miles away to attend the conference and interact with every one around, the event manger should try and make it a holistic experience for such people also. Live streaming can also allow the event managers to reach out people who could not attend the event, later on some videos should be uploaded of the event, so that the lifecycle of the event is lengthened. The event manager also needs to listen to what the audience has to say. If they complain about any aspect of the event like the food or a particular speaker then the event manager should take action to improve the situation. Twitter conversation should be tracked properly and if not than surveys should be used to see what consumers have to say about the event. This makes consumers feel important as their opinion is being listened to and it helps managers align the event to the needs of the consumers ensuring that the event is a success. Step 5: communication after the event Post event communication is also important to make sure that the impression of the event is positive and lasts long especially if more events have to be held later on; If this impression is not a good one than consumers are less likely to attend the one in the future. After the event make sure your attendees know how to remain in touch through social media, emails should be exchanged to facilitate communication. Thank you notes should be sent along with updates and other information. Event management is as much about relation building as it is about organizing the event.